记录来源:不背单词拼写、易错、易混淆词。
整理范围:高考 / CET-6 / 考研常见词汇。
释义原则:优先按 Collins / Merriam-Webster 常见释义整理;意思较多的写中文核心义,英文释义简单或替换词明确的写英文。
acquisition
- acquisition(Collins: [N-VAR: oft N of n] If a company or business person makes an acquisition, they buy another company or part of a company.)
- 朗道:*[,əkwi’ziʃәn] n. 获得, 获得物
- 牛津高阶:/ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/ [noun]
- acquisition n. 获得;收购;习得;获得物
- 常见搭配:
- language acquisition 语言习得
- acquisition of knowledge 获取知识
- company acquisition 公司收购
- 相关:acquire v. 获得;学到;收购
affirm / confirm
- affirm(Collins: [VB] If you affirm that something is true or that something exists, you state firmly and publicly that it is true or exists. (FORMAL) = *assert)
- 朗道:*[ә’fә:m] vt. 断言, 确认 相关: vi. 断言, 确认
- 牛津高阶:/əˈfɜ:m; NAmE əˈfɜ:rm/ [verb] (formal) to state firmly or publicly that sth is true or that you support sth strongly 肯定属实;申明;断言
- confirm(Collins: [VB: no cont] If something confirms what you believe, suspect, or fear, it shows that it is definitely true. = *affirm)
- 朗道:*[kәn’fә:m] vt. 证实, 确定, 批准, 使巩固 相关: confirm a title to sb, confirm sb in his dislike of sth
- 牛津高阶:[verb]
- affirm v. 断言;肯定;确认(强调“坚定声明”)
- confirm v. 确认;证实;批准(强调“核实/证实”)
- 区别:
- affirm:主观上坚定地声明某事为真。
- confirm:通过证据、事实来证实/确认。
- 相关:
- affirmation n. 肯定;断言
- confirmation n. 确认;证实
- affirmative adj. 肯定的 n. 肯定语
although / though / even though / despite / in spite of
- although conj. 尽管;虽然(Collins: introduces a statement in a subordinate clause which contrasts with the main clause)
- though conj. / adv. 尽管;不过(牛津高阶:used especially at the end of a sentence to add a fact or opinion that makes the previous statement less strong)
- despite prep. 尽管;不管(Collins)
- 朗道:although conj. 虽然,纵然;though ad. 然而,可是 conj. 虽然;despite prep. 尽管
- 牛津高阶:although — 尽管;虽然;though — 不过,可是,然而(句末补充说明);despite — 尽管
- 相关词组(朗道):as though 仿佛;even though 即使
- 用法区别:
- although / though / even though + 句子
- despite / in spite of + 名词 / 代词 / doing
- 例:
- Although it rained, we went out.
- Despite the rain, we went out.
- Despite raining ❌ -> Despite the rain / Despite it raining ✅
anguish
- anguish(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT] ---)
- 朗道:*[‘əŋgwiʃ] n. 剧痛, 痛苦 相关: vt. 使极痛苦, vi. 感到痛苦, be in anguish
- 牛津高阶:/ˈæŋgwɪʃ/ [noun] (formal) severe pain, mental suffering or unhappiness 剧痛;极度痛苦;苦恼 :
- anguish n. 极度痛苦,苦恼 v. 感到极度痛苦
- 搭配:
- in anguish 痛苦地
- physical/mental anguish 肉体/精神上的痛苦
- 相关:
- 易混点:anguish(精神上的极度痛苦)vs agony(肉体或精神的剧痛,更强烈),两者近义但 agony 程度更剧烈。
anonymous
- anonymous(Collins: [ADJ] If you remain anonymous when you do something, you do not let people know that you were the person who did it. ≠ *known, named)
- 朗道:*[ә’nɒnimәs] a. 姓氏不详的, 无名的, 无特色的
- 牛津高阶:/əˈnɒnɪməs; NAmE əˈnɑ:n-/ [adj.]
- anonymous adj. 匿名的;不知名的
- 搭配:
- anonymous letter 匿名信
- remain anonymous 保持匿名
- anonymous donor 匿名捐赠者
- 相关:
- anonymity n. 匿名
- anonymously adv. 匿名地
- pseudonym n. 笔名
- 易混点:a-nonym-ous(无名字的);勿丢 o:anonymous
apparent
- apparent(Collins: [ADJ: ADJ n] An apparent situation, quality, or feeling seems to exist, although you cannot be certain that it does exist.)
- 朗道:*[ә’pərәnt] a. 清晰可见的, 显然的, 表面上的 相关: It is apparent that…
- 牛津高阶:[adj.]
- apparent adj. 明显的;表面上的;似乎真实的
- 搭配:
- apparent reason 明显的原因
- apparent contradiction 表面上的矛盾
- it is apparent that 很明显……
- 相关:
appoint / designate / assign
- appoint(Collins: [VB] If you appoint someone to a job or official position, you formally choose them for it.)
- 朗道:*[ә’pɒint] vt. 任命, 指定, 下令 相关: to appoint sb to a post
- 牛津高阶:[verb]
- designate(Collins: [VB] When you designate someone or something, you formally give them a particular description or name.)
- 朗道:*[‘dezigneit] vt. 指定, 指明, 称呼 相关: a. 已选出而未上任的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈdezɪgneɪt; -nət/
- assign(Collins: [VB] If you assign a piece of work to someone, you give them the work to do.)
- 朗道:*[ә’sain] vt. 分配, 指派, 赋值
- 牛津高阶:/əˈsaɪn/ [verb]
- appoint v. 任命,委派;指定(时间/地点)
- designate v. 指定,指派;正式命名;指定(地点/用途)
- assign v. 分配,指派;布置(任务);(法律上)转让
- 区别:
- appoint:侧重于“正式任命(到某个职位/岗位)”或“约定(时间)”
- designate:侧重于“指定、指派(某人或某物承担某角色/用途)”,也可指“正式命名”
- assign:侧重于“分配、指派(任务/工作)”或“布置(作业)”
- 搭配:
- appoint sb to (the post of) 任命某人为……
- appoint a time / meet at an appointed time 约定时间
- designate sb as / designate sth as 指定为……
- designate a representative 指定一名代表
- designated driver 指定驾驶员(代驾)
- designated area / zone 指定区域
- assign sb to do / assign sth to sb 把……指派给某人
- assign homework / tasks 布置作业/任务
- 相关:
- appointment n. 任命;预约
- designation n. 指定;称号;命名
- assignment n. 作业;任务;指派
- 易混点:
- 三者都含“指定/指派”义,但侧重不同:
- appoint → 正式任命职位、约定时间
- designate → 指定身份/角色/用途(designate a meeting place 指定地点)
- assign → 分配任务/工作(assign homework 布置作业)
area / locality
- area(Collins: [N-COUNT] An area is a particular part of a town, a country, a region, or the world.)
- 朗道:*[‘єәriә] n. 区域, 面积, 范围, 空地
- 牛津高阶:[noun] ▶PART OF PLACE 地区
- locality(Collins: [N-COUNT] A locality is a small area of a country or city. (FORMAL) = *area)
- 朗道:*[lәu’kəliti] n. 地方, 所在, 位置
- 牛津高阶:/ləʊˈkæləti; NAmE loʊ-/ [noun]
- area n. 地区;区域;面积;领域
- locality n. 地区;所在地;(某一)地方
- 区别:
- area:最常用,泛指任何“区域 / 地区 / 面积 / 领域”,范围可大可小。
- locality:较正式,强调“特定的地点 / 当地”,常用于书面或新闻语境。
- 搭配:
- urban / rural area 城市 / 农村地区
- in the area 在该地区
- in the locality 在当地
- the locality of the crime 犯罪现场所在地区
- 相关:
- local adj. 当地的;局部的 n. 当地人
- locate v. 找到;位于
- location n. 位置;地点
ascertain
- ascertain(Collins: [VB] If you ascertain the truth about something, you find out what it is, especially by making a deliberate effort to do so. (FORMAL) = *establish)
- 朗道:*[,əsә’tein] vt. 确定, 查明
- 牛津高阶:/ˌæsəˈteɪn; NAmE ˌæsərˈt-/ [verb] (formal) to find out the true or correct information about sth 查明;弄清 :
- ascertain v. 查明;确定;弄清
- 英文替换:find out for certain, determine, establish
- 语体:较正式,常见于学术、法律、新闻语境
- 搭配:
- ascertain the cause / fact 查明原因/事实
- ascertain whether / if 确定是否……
- 易混点:不是“获得”(obtain),而是“弄清楚 / 确认”。
assassinate / assault
- assassinate(Collins: [VB] When someone important is assassinated, they are murdered as a political act.)
- 朗道:*[ә’səsineit] vt. 暗杀, 行刺
- 牛津高阶:/əˈsæsɪneɪt; NAmE -sən-/ [verb] [often passive] to murder an important or famous person, especially for political reasons (尤为政治目的的)暗杀;行刺 :
- assault(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft N on/upon/against n] An assault by an army is a strong attack made on an area held by the enemy. = *attack)
- 朗道:*[ә’sɒ:t] n. 攻击, 袭击 相关: vt. 袭击, 攻击, vi. 发动攻击, to make a surprise assault on…
- 牛津高阶:/əˈsɔ:lt/ [noun]
- assassinate v. 暗杀,行刺(尤指要人)
- assault n./v. 猛烈攻击;侵犯人身
- 搭配:
- assassinate a leader 暗杀领导人
- assassination attempt 暗杀企图
- sexual assault 性侵
- assault on sb/sth 对……的攻击
- assault and battery 殴打罪(法律)
- 相关:
- assassin n. 刺客
- assassination n. 暗杀
- assaultive adj. 攻击性的(较少考)
- 区别:
- assassinate:秘密杀害重要人物
- assault:暴力攻击/侵犯,不一定致死
- 易混点:assassinate 双 s、双 s(as-sas-sin-ate);assault 无“杀”的必然结果
assault
- assault(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft N on/upon/against n] An assault by an army is a strong attack made on an area held by the enemy. = *attack)
- 朗道:*[ә’sɒ:t] n. 攻击, 袭击 相关: vt. 袭击, 攻击, vi. 发动攻击, to make a surprise assault on…
- 牛津高阶:/əˈsɔ:lt/ [noun]
- assault n. 攻击;袭击;侵犯 v. 袭击;侵犯
- 英文替换:attack, strike, assault
- 搭配:
- sexual assault 性侵犯
- assault and battery 殴打(法律用语)
- assault on 对……的攻击/冲击
- 易混点:assault 比 attack 更正式,常涉及暴力或法律语境
- 相关:
assemble / assembly
- assemble(Collins: [V-ERG] When people assemble or when someone assembles them, they come together in a group, usually for a particular purpose such as a meeting. = *gather)
- 朗道:*[ә’sembl] vt. 集合, 收集, 装配 相关: vi. 集合
- 牛津高阶:/əˈsembl/ [verb]
- assembly(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu sing] An assembly is a large group of people who meet regularly to make decisions or laws for a particular region or country.)
- 朗道:*[ә’sembli] n. 与会者, 集会, 装配, 组件
- 牛津高阶:/əˈsembli/ [noun]
- assemble v. 集合,聚集;装配
- assembly n. 集会;议会;装配
- 搭配:
- assemble the parts 装配零件
- assemble in the hall 在大厅集合
- assembly line 装配线
- General Assembly (联合国)大会
- freedom of assembly 集会自由
- 相关:
- assemblyman/assemblywoman n. 议员
- reassemble v. 重新装配/集合
- disassemble v. 拆卸
- 易混点:assemble 是动词;assembly 是名词。resemble(相似)勿混
assert
- assert(Collins: [VB] If someone asserts a fact or belief, they state it firmly. (FORMAL) = *declare)
- 朗道:*[ә’sә:t] vt. 主张, 坚称, 断言 相关: to assert sth to be true, to assert oneself
- 牛津高阶:/əˈsɜ:t; NAmE əˈsɜ:rt/ [verb]
- assert v. 断言,坚称;维护(权利)
- 搭配:
- assert that … 坚称……
- assert one’s rights 维护自己的权利
- assert oneself 坚持自己的主张/显示权威
- 相关:
- assertion n. 断言;主张
- assertive adj. 坚定自信的
- affirm v. 肯定,申明
- 易混点:assert ≠ insert(插入)≠ assess(评估)
auxiliary
- auxiliary(Collins: [N-COUNT] An auxiliary is a person who is employed to help other people in their work.)
- 朗道:*[ɒ:g’ziljəri] n.; a. 辅助者, 辅助物, 附属机构, 助动词;辅助的, 备用的
- 牛津高阶:giving help or support to the main group 辅助的;备用的
- auxiliary adj. 辅助的;备用的;n. 辅助物;助动词
- 搭配:
- auxiliary verb 助动词(如 be, have, do)
- auxiliary equipment 辅助设备
- an auxiliary nurse 助理护士
avenue / revenue
- avenue(Collins: [N-COUNT] An avenue is a wide, straight road, especially one with trees on either side. [N-COUNT: oft N of n] An avenue is a way of getting something done.)
- 朗道:*[‘əvənju:] n. 大街, 途径, 林荫路
- 牛津高阶:a wide road with trees 大街;a way of getting sth done 途径
- revenue(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT] Revenue is money that a company, organization, or government receives from people.)
- 朗道:*[‘revinju:] n. 收入, 岁入, 税收, 税务局
- 牛津高阶:the money that a government receives from tax 税收;[pl.] a company’s income 收入
- avenue n. 大街;途径;手段
- revenue n. 收入;税收(尤指政府税收)
- 易混点:两者词形相近(都以 -enue 结尾),但意思无关:
- avenue:大街(如 Fifth Avenue);引申为“途径/手段”(an avenue of investigation)。
- revenue:收入 / 税收,尤指政府或公司的财政收入,不是“大道”。
- 搭配:
- explore every avenue 探索一切途径
- tax revenue 税收;annual revenue 年收入
awkward
- awkward(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] An awkward situation is embarrassing and difficult to deal with. = *tricky≠easy)
- 朗道:*[‘ɒ:kwәd] a. 笨拙的, 棘手的 相关: 未成熟的青春期
- 牛津高阶:[adj.]
- awkward adj. 尴尬的;笨拙的;不便的
- 搭配:
- awkward situation 尴尬的局面
- awkward silence 尴尬的沉默
- feel awkward 感到尴尬/不自在
- 相关:
be entitled to
- be entitled to(entitle Collins: If you are entitled to something, you have the right to have it or do it.)
- 朗道:*[in’taitl] vt. 给…权利, 取名为, 给予名称, 叫做
- 牛津高阶:~ sb to sth to give sb the right to have or do sth 使有资格;使有权
- be entitled to 有权得到;有资格享有
- 搭配:
- be entitled to a refund 有权获得退款
- be entitled to vote 有选举权
- entitle sb to do sth 使某人有权利做某事
be immune from
- immune(Collins: [ADJ: v-link ADJ, usu ADJ to n] If you are immune to a particular disease, you cannot be affected by it.)
- 朗道:*[i’mju:n] a. 免疫的, 免除的, 不受影响的 相关: n. 免疫者, be immune to
- 牛津高阶:/ɪˈmju:n/ [adj.]
- from(Collins: [PREP] In addition to the uses shown below, from is used in phrasal verbs such as
date from' and grow away from’.)
- 朗道:*[frɒm] prep. 从, 来自, 根据 相关: to absent onself from…, to absolve sb from sth, from now on
- 牛津高阶:[prep.]
- be immune from 免除……;不受……影响
- 英文替换:exempt from, protected from
- 常见搭配:
- be immune from prosecution 免予起诉
- be immune from criticism 不受批评影响
- 相关:
- immune adj. 免疫的;不受影响的
- immunity n. 免疫;豁免
- be immune to 对……有免疫力(侧重“免疫/不受影响”)
be indifferent to
- indifferent(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: oft ADJ to n] If you accuse someone of being indifferent to something, you mean that they have a complete lack of interest in it. ≠ *concerned)
- 朗道:*[in’difәrәnt] a. 漠不关心的, 无重要性的, 中立的
- 牛津高阶:/ɪnˈdɪfrənt/ [adj.]
- be indifferent to 对……漠不关心;对……不在意
- 英文替换:not care about, unconcerned about
- 易混点:不是“对……一视同仁”(那是 impartial),而是“冷淡/无所谓”。
- 相关:
- indifference n. 漠不关心
- indifferent adj. 漠不关心的;一般的
be liable for / be liable to
- liable(Collins: [PHR-MODAL] When something is liable to happen, it is very likely to happen. = *be likely to)
- 朗道:*[‘laiәbl] a. 有义务的, 应负责的, 有…倾向的 相关: be liable to, be liable for
- 牛津高阶:/ˈlaɪəbl/ [adj.]
- liable(Collins: [PHR-MODAL] When something is liable to happen, it is very likely to happen. = *be likely to)
- 朗道:*[‘laiәbl] a. 有义务的, 应负责的, 有…倾向的 相关: be liable to, be liable for
- 牛津高阶:/ˈlaɪəbl/ [adj.]
- be liable for 对……负有法律责任
- The company is liable for the damages. 公司对损失负有赔偿责任。
- be liable to 有……的倾向;易遭受……
- She is liable to catch a cold. 她容易感冒。
- 区别:
- liable for:法律上“对……负责”
- liable to:倾向性“易……;可能……”
- 相关:liability n. 责任;债务;不利条件
beard
- beard(Collins: A man’s beard is the hair that grows on his chin and cheeks.)
- 朗道:*[biəd] n. 胡须
- 牛津高阶:hair that grows on the chin and cheeks of a man’s face 胡须
- beard n. 胡须;(山羊)胡
- 搭配:
- grow a beard 留胡子
- a bushy beard 浓密的胡须
- 易混点:与 bear(v. 忍受;熊)、beard 词形相近,注意拼写差异。
breach / break
- breach(Collins: [VB] If you breach an agreement, a law, or a promise, you break it. = *violate)
- 朗道:*[bri:tʃ] n. 裂口, 违背, 破坏, 违反, 突破, 破裂 相关: vt. 攻破, 突破, vi. 跳出水面
- 牛津高阶:/bri:tʃ/ [noun]
- break(Collins: [V-ERG] When an object breaks or when you break it, it suddenly separates into two or more pieces, often because it has been hit or dropped.)
- 朗道:*[breik] n. 休息, 中断, 破裂处, 绝交, 破晓, 突变 相关: vt. 打破, 弄破, 弄坏, 破坏, 违反, 打断, 削弱, 放弃, vi. 破碎, 决裂, 破晓, 突变, 变弱, 暂停, n. 分隔符
- 牛津高阶:[noun] ▶SHORT STOP/PAUSE 暂停;间歇
- breach n. 违反;缺口;突破 v. 违反;攻破;突破
- break v. 打破;中断;违反 n. 休息;破裂;间歇
- 区别:
- breach:正式用语,侧重“违反(法律、协议、规则)”或“防线被突破”,也可作名词指“缺口”。
- break:通用词,可指物理上的“打破”、时间上的“中断”、也可指“违反”(但不如 breach 正式)。
- 搭配:
- breach of contract / law / security 违反合同/法律/安全漏洞
- breach the wall / defense 突破墙壁/防线
- break the law / rule 违法/违规
- break the ice 打破僵局
- take a break 休息一下
- 易错点:breach 拼写(ea 不是 ee),不要写成 breech
choice / selection
- choice(Collins: [N-COUNT] If there is a choice of things, there are several of them and you can choose the one you want. = *selection)
- 朗道:*[tʃɒis] n. 选择, 精选品, 选择权 相关: a. 精选的, 挑三拣四的, 上等的, 该命令用于提示用户作出选择, 决定批处理文件的流程, make choice of
- 牛津高阶:[adj.]
- selection(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT: with supp] A selection of people or things is a set of them that have been selected from a larger group.)
- 朗道:*[si’lekʃәn] n. 选择, 选文, 精选品
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- choice n. 选择;选择权;选择的人/物 adj. 精选的;优质的
- selection n. 选择;挑选;选集;被选中的人/物
- 区别:
- choice:侧重“选择的权利 / 选择的行为”,也可指“被选中的东西”,强调主观偏好。
- selection:侧重“挑选的过程 / 精选出来的一组”,语气更正式,也可指“可供选择的范围”。
- 搭配:
- make a choice 做选择
- have no choice but to do 别无选择只能……
- a wide selection of 各种各样的……
- natural selection 自然选择
- 相关:
- choose v. 选择(chose, chosen)
- select v. 挑选 adj. 精选的;高档的
- selective adj. 选择性的;挑剔的
cling / stick
- cling(Collins: [VB] If you cling to someone or something, you hold onto them tightly.)
- 朗道:*[kliŋ] vi. 粘紧, 附着, 紧贴, 坚持 相关: cling to the hope that…, cling to one’s own view
- 牛津高阶:/klɪŋ/ [verb]
- stick
- 朗道:*[stik] n. 棍, 棒, 刺, 枯枝, 茎, 条状物 相关: vt. 插进, 刺入, 钉住, 伸出, 粘贴, 停止, vi. 粘住, 停留, 坚持, 陷住, 伸出, stick around
- 牛津高阶:[noun] ▶FROM TREE 树木
- cling v. 紧紧抓住;粘住;依恋;坚持
- stick v. 粘住;刺入;坚持 n. 棍;枝条
- 区别:
- cling:强调“紧紧抓住 / 依附”,可带情感依赖。
- stick:更普通,可指物理粘住,也可指坚持做某事。
- 搭配:
- cling to hope 抱有希望
- stick to a plan 坚持计划
- stick with someone 支持 / 陪伴某人
commerce / commodity
- commerce(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT] See also chamber of commerce.)
- 朗道:*[‘kɒmә:s] n. 商业, 商务, 贸易
- 牛津高阶:/ˈkɒmɜ:s; NAmE ˈkɑ:mɜ:rs/ [noun] trade, especially between countries; the buying and selling of goods and services (尤指国际间的)贸易;商业;商务 :
- commodity(Collins: [N-COUNT] A commodity is something that is sold for money. (TECHNICAL) = *goods)
- 朗道:*[kә’mɒditi] n. 农产品, 商品, 有用的物品
- 牛津高阶:/kəˈmɒdəti; NAmE -ˈmɑ:d-/ [noun]
- commerce n. 商业;贸易;商务
- commodity n. 商品;大宗物资;有用的东西
- 区别:
- commerce:宏观的“商业/贸易活动”。
- commodity:具体的“商品/货物”,尤指大宗交易的原材料。
- 搭配:
- e-commerce 电子商务
- commodity prices 商品价格
- agricultural commodity 农产品
commit
- commit(Collins: [VB] If someone commits a crime or a sin, they do something illegal or bad.)
- 朗道:*[kә’mit] vt. 委托(托付), 犯罪, 指派…作战, 使承担义务 相关: commit sth to memory, commit sth to paper, commit sth to the flames
- 牛津高阶:[verb] ▶CRIME 犯罪
- commit v. 犯罪;承诺;投入;提交
- commit oneself to 承诺做某事;使自己承担义务
- commit to memory 牢记
- commit a crime / suicide 犯罪 / 自杀
- commit n. 提交;提交记录(计算机 / Git 常用)
- 相关:
- commitment n. 承诺;投入;责任
- committed adj. 坚定的;尽心尽力的
committee / commission
- committee(Collins: [N-COUNT-COLL: usu with supp] A committee is a group of people who meet to make decisions or plans for a larger group or organization that they represent.)
- 朗道:*[kә’miti] n. 委员会
- 牛津高阶:[noun] a group of people who are chosen, usually by a larger group, to make decisions or to deal with a particular subject 委员会 :
- commission(Collins: [VB] If you commission something or commission someone to do something, you formally arrange for someone to do a piece of work for you.)
- 朗道:*[kә’miʃәn] n. 委任状, 任官令, 所委职责, 佣金, 犯, 委托, 所托之事 相关: vt. 委任, 委托制作, 使服役, go beyond one’s commission, in commission
- 牛津高阶:[noun] ▶OFFICIAL GROUP 官方团体
- committee n. 委员会
- commission n. 委员会;佣金;委托;授权 v. 委托;正式订购
- 区别:
- committee:通常指负责讨论、管理、审查的委员会。
- commission:可指官方调查 / 管理委员会,也常指“佣金、委托、授权”。
- 搭配:
- organizing committee 组委会
- sales commission 销售佣金
- commission a report 委托撰写报告
commute
- commute(Collins: [VB] If you commute, you travel a long distance every day between your home and your place of work.)
- 朗道:*[kә’mju:t] vt. 交换, 折偿, 减轻 相关: vi. 代偿, 经常乘车来往
- 牛津高阶:/kəˈmju:t/ [noun] the journey that a person makes when they commute to work 上下班路程 :
- commute v. 通勤;减刑 n. 上下班路程
- 英文替换:travel to and from work
- 搭配:
- commute to work 通勤上班
- long / short commute 长/短途通勤
- commute a sentence 减刑
- 相关:
- commuter n. 通勤者
- commuter train 通勤列车
competent / capable
- competent(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] Someone who is competent is efficient and effective.)
- 朗道:*[‘kɒmpitənt] a. 能干的, 胜任的, 有效的
- 牛津高阶:having enough skill or knowledge to do sth well
- capable(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If a person or thing is capable of doing something, they have the ability to do it.)
- 朗道:*[‘keipəbl] a. 有能力的, 能的, 能干的
- 牛津高阶:having the ability or qualities necessary to do sth
- competent adj. 能干的;胜任的;称职的
- capable adj. 有能力的;能干的
- 近义:able, skilled
- 反义:incompetent; incapable
- 搭配:
- be competent at / in sth 胜任某事
- be capable of sth / doing sth 有能力做某事
- 易混点:
- competent:强调“胜任、称职”,达到工作要求标准。
- capable:强调“有能力”,可接 of doing,语气更宽泛。
comprise / compose / compromise
- comprise(Collins: [VB] If you say that something comprises or is comprised of a number of things or people, you mean it has them as its parts or members. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[kәm’praiz] vt. 包含, 构成
- 牛津高阶:/kəmˈpraɪz/ [verb] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时)
- compose(Collins: [VB] The things that something is composed of are its parts or members. The separate things that compose something are the parts or members that form it. = *make up)
- 朗道:*[kәm’pәuz] vt. 组成, 写作, 作曲, 使平静 相关: vi. 创作, 排字
- 牛津高阶:/kəmˈpəʊz; NAmE -ˈpoʊz/ [verb]
- compromise(Collins: [N-VAR] A compromise is a situation in which people accept something slightly different from what they really want, because of circumstances or because they are considering the wishes of other people.)
- 朗道:*[‘kɒmprәmaiz] n. 妥协, 折中, 折中方案, 和解 相关: vi. 妥协处理, vt. 危害, compromise with sb on sth
- 牛津高阶:/ˈkɒmprəmaɪz; NAmE ˈkɑ:m-/ [noun]
- comprise v. 包含,由……组成;构成
- compose v. 组成,构成;创作(音乐/文章)
- compromise n./v. 妥协,折中;损害,危及
- 区别:
- comprise:整体包含部分(The whole comprises the parts);也可“部分构成整体”
- compose:部分组成整体(The parts compose the whole);被动 be composed of = 由……组成
- compromise:妥协/折中(完全不同的词,只是形近)
- 搭配:
- be composed of sth 由……组成
- comprise sth 包含某物
- reach a compromise 达成妥协
- compromise on sth 在某事上妥协
- compromise security 危及安全
- 相关:
- composition n. 组成;作文;作品
- composer n. 作曲家
- 易混点:comprise 和 compose 都有“组成”义但用法相反(整体 comprises 部分 vs 部分 compose 整体);compromise 形近但义完全不同(妥协/损害),不可混淆。
conceive / conception
- conceive(Collins: [VB: usu with brd-neg] If you cannot conceive of something, you cannot imagine it or believe it.)
- 朗道:*[kәn’si:v] vt. 构思, 认为 相关: vi. 怀孕, I simply can’t conceive why…
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈsi:v/ [verb]
- conception(Collins: [N-VAR: usu N of n] A conception of something is an idea that you have of it in your mind. = *notion)
- 朗道:*[kɒn’sepʃәn] n. 观念, 概念 相关: have no conception of
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈsepʃn/ [noun]
- conceive v. 构思,设想;怀孕;理解
- conception n. 概念,观念;构思;怀孕
- 区别:
- conceive:动词,“构思/设想/怀孕”
- conception:名词,“概念/构思/怀孕”
- 搭配:
- conceive of sth 设想/想象某事
- conceive a plan/idea 构思计划/想法
- conceive a child 怀孕
- have a conception of sth 对某事有概念
- 相关:
- concept n. 概念
- conceptual adj. 概念的
- conceivable adj. 可想象的,可信的
- 易混点:同源词,conceive(v.) → conception(n.)。注意 conception 有“构思”和“怀孕”双重含义。与 concept(概念)形近,concept 更抽象(概念本身),conception 更侧重形成过程(构思/构想)。
condense / condone / conduct / conductor
- condense(Collins: [VB] If you condense something, especially a piece of writing or speech, you make it shorter, usually by including only the most important parts.)
- 朗道:*[kәn’dens] vt. 使浓缩, 使压缩, 缩短 相关: vi. 浓缩, 凝结
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈdens/ [verb]
- condone(Collins: [VB: oft with brd-neg] If someone condones behaviour that is morally wrong, they accept it and allow it to happen. ≠ *condemn)
- 朗道:*[kәn’dәun] vt. 赦, 宽恕
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈdəʊn; NAmE -ˈdoʊn/ [verb] to accept behaviour that is morally wrong or to treat it as if it were not serious 宽恕;饶恕;纵容 :
- conduct(Collins: [VB] When you conduct an activity or task, you organize it and carry it out. = *carry out)
- 朗道:n. 行为, 举动, 指导 相关: vt. 为人, 指挥, 管理, 实施, vi. 领导, 传导, 指挥, under the conduct of
- 牛津高阶:/ˈkɒndʌkt; NAmE ˈkɑ:n-/
- conductor(Collins: [N-COUNT] A conductor is a person who stands in front of an orchestra or choir and directs its performance.)
- 朗道:*[kәn’dʌktә] n. 领导者, 指挥者, 售票员, 向导
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈdʌktə(r)/ [noun]
- condense v. 浓缩;凝结;压缩(文章)
- condone v. 宽恕,纵容(不当行为)
- conduct v. 实施,进行;指挥;传导 n. 行为
- conductor n. 指挥;售票员;导体
- ⚠️ 用户拼写
conductort 为误写,正确为 conductor
- 搭配:
- condense milk 炼乳;condense a report 精简报告
- steam condenses into water 蒸汽凝结成水
- condone violence 纵容暴力
- conduct an experiment/survey 进行实验/调查
- conduct oneself 为人处事
- code of conduct 行为准则
- orchestra conductor 乐队指挥
- copper is a good conductor 铜是良导体
- 相关:
- condensation n. 凝结;缩写
- conduction n. 传导
- conductive adj. 导电/导热的
- 区别:
| 词 | 核心含义 |
|---|
| condense | 变浓/变短/凝结 |
| condone | 宽恕错误 |
| conduct | 进行/指挥/传导;行为 |
| conductor | 指挥/售票员/导体 |
- 易混点:condone 不是 condense;conduct 词性多,conductor 是“人/导体”
- conduct(Collins: [VB] When you conduct an activity or task, you organize it and carry it out. = *carry out)
- 朗道:n. 行为, 举动, 指导 相关: vt. 为人, 指挥, 管理, 实施, vi. 领导, 传导, 指挥, under the conduct of
- 牛津高阶:/ˈkɒndʌkt; NAmE ˈkɑ:n-/
- perform(Collins: [VB] When you perform a task or action, especially a complicated one, you do it.)
- 朗道:*[pә’fɒ:m] vt. 进行, 履行, 完成, 执行, 表演 相关: vi. 行动, 工作, 执行, 演出
- 牛津高阶:[verb]
- conduct v. 进行,实施;指挥;传导 n. 行为,举止
- perform v. 执行,完成;表演;运行
- 区别:
- conduct:侧重“组织/引导/实施”(conduct an experiment / a survey / an orchestra)
- perform:侧重“执行/完成/表现”(perform a task / an operation / a play)
- 搭配:
- conduct research / a survey / an interview 进行研究/调查/访谈
- perform a task / an operation / a function 执行任务/手术/功能
- perform well/badly 表现好/差
- 易混点:两者都有“做/执行”义,但 conduct 强调组织引导过程,perform 强调完成与表现结果。conduct 还可作名词(行为)。
confidential
- confidential(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] Information that is confidential is meant to be kept secret or private. ≠ *public)
- 朗道:*[,kɒnfi’denʃәl] a. 机密的, 获他人信赖的, 易于信任他人的
- 牛津高阶:/ˌkɒnfɪˈdenʃl; NAmE ˌkɑ:n-/ [adj.]
- confidential adj. 机密的;保密的;受信任的
- 中文:机密的;保密的
- 近义:secret, classified, private, sensitive
- 搭配:
- confidential information / document 机密信息/文件
- keep sth confidential 对某事保密
- strictly / highly confidential 绝密的
- 易错点:不要写成 confidental(-ential 结尾)
- 相关:
- confide v. 吐露(秘密);倾诉
- confidence n. 信心;信任;秘密
- confidentiality n. 保密性
confidential / confident
- confidential(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] Information that is confidential is meant to be kept secret or private. ≠ *public)
- 朗道:*[,kɒnfi’denʃәl] a. 机密的, 获他人信赖的, 易于信任他人的
- 牛津高阶:/ˌkɒnfɪˈdenʃl; NAmE ˌkɑ:n-/ [adj.]
- confident(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: usu v-link ADJ, oft ADJ that, ADJ prep] If you are confident about something, you are certain that it will happen in the way you want it to. ≠ *sceptical)
- 朗道:*[‘kɒnfidәnt] a. 有信心的, 有把握的 相关: be confident of, be confident in
- 牛津高阶:[adj.]
- confidential adj. 机密的,保密的;信任的
- confident adj. 自信的,确信的
- 区别:
- confidential:机密的(-tial 结尾),强调“不可泄露”
- confident:自信的(-tent 结尾),强调“有信心”
- 搭配:
- confidential information / documents 机密信息/文件
- confidential secretary 机要秘书
- be confident of / be confident that 对……有信心
- 相关:
- confidence n. 信心;信任;机密(in confidence 秘密地)
- confidant n. 知己,心腹
- 易混点:只差后缀 -tial / -tent,含义完全不同。
- confirm(Collins: [VB: no cont] If something confirms what you believe, suspect, or fear, it shows that it is definitely true. = *affirm)
- 朗道:*[kәn’fә:m] vt. 证实, 确定, 批准, 使巩固 相关: confirm a title to sb, confirm sb in his dislike of sth
- 牛津高阶:[verb]
- conform(Collins: [VB] If something conforms to something such as a law or someone’s wishes, it is of the required type or quality.)
- 朗道:*[kәn’fɒ:m] vt. 使一致, 使遵守, 使符合 相关: vi. 一致, 符合, 适应, conform to, conform oneself to
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈfɔ:m; NAmE -ˈfɔ:rm/ [verb]
- confirm v. 确认,证实;批准
- conform v. 遵守,符合;顺从
- 搭配:
- confirm a reservation 确认预订
- confirm the news 证实消息
- confirmed case 确诊病例
- conform to/with 遵守/符合……
- conform to the rules 遵守规则
- conform to social norms 遵循社会规范
- 相关:
- confirmation n. 确认,证实
- conformity n. 遵守,符合;从众
- conformist n./adj. 循规蹈矩的人;守旧的
- nonconformist n./adj. 不墨守成规的人;叛逆的
- 易混点:confirm → firm(坚定) → 确认;conform → form(形式) → 符合
conscience
- conscience(Collins: Your conscience is the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is right or wrong.)
- 朗道:*[‘kɒnʃəns] n. 良心;【法】良心, 道德感, 正义感
- 牛津高阶:the part of your mind that tells you whether your actions are right or wrong 良心;良知
- conscience n. 良心;良知;道德心
- 搭配:
- a guilty conscience 内疚;良心不安
- have a clear conscience 问心无愧
- a matter of conscience 良心问题
- 易混点:与 conscious(adj. 清醒的;有意识的)、conscientious(adj. 认真负责的)形近,注意区分。
consensus
- consensus(Collins: [N-SING: also no det] A consensus is general agreement among a group of people.)
- 朗道:*[kәn’sensәs] n. 合意, 一致, 同感
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈsensəs/ [noun]
- consensus n. 共识;一致意见
- 英文替换:agreement, general agreement, unanimous opinion
- 搭配:
- reach / build a consensus 达成共识
- broad / general consensus 广泛共识
- consensus of opinion 意见一致
- 易错拼写:consensus(不是 concensus),只有一个 n
- 易混点:consensus ≠ census(census 是“人口普查”)
conservative
- conservative(Collins: [ADJ] A Conservative politician or voter is a member of or votes for the Conservative Party in Britain. = *Tory)
- conservative adj. 保守的;守旧的;(估计)保守的 n. 保守派
- 英文替换:traditional, cautious, moderate
- 常见搭配:
- conservative estimate 保守估计
- conservative party 保守党
- 相关:
- conservatism n. 保守主义
- conservation n. 保存;保护(注意不是 conservative)
considerate / considerable
- considerate(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: oft ADJ of n] Someone who is considerate pays attention to the needs, wishes, or feelings of other people. ≠ *inconsiderate)
- 朗道:*[kәn,sidә’reiʃәn] a. 体贴的, 体谅的, 考虑周到的
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈsɪdərət/ [adj.] always thinking of other people’s wishes and feelings; careful not to hurt or upset others 考虑周到的;为(他人)着想的;体谅的;体贴的
- considerable(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n] →considerably [ADV-GRADED: ADV with v, ADV compar] = *substantial)
- 朗道:*[kәn’sidәrәbl] a. 相当的, 可观的, 重要的
- 牛津高阶:[adj.] (formal) great in amount, size, importance, etc. 相当多(或大、重要等)的
- considerate adj. 体贴的;考虑周到的;为他人着想的
- considerable adj. 相当大的;相当多的;重要的
- 易混点:
- considerate:形容人“体贴的 / 为他人着想的”。
- considerable:形容数量、程度、规模“相当大的”,不用于形容人。
- 搭配:
- It’s considerate of you to… 你……真是太体贴了
- a considerable amount / number of 相当多的……
- considerable effort / expense 相当大的努力 / 开支
- 相关:
- consider v. 考虑;认为
- consideration n. 考虑;体贴
- considering prep. 鉴于;考虑到
console
- console(Collins: [VB] If you console someone who is unhappy about something, you try to make them feel more cheerful.)
- 朗道:*[kәn’sәul] vt. 安慰, 藉慰 相关: n. 控制台
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈsəʊl; NAmE -ˈsoʊl/ [verb]
- console v. 安慰 n. 控制台;(游戏)主机
- 搭配:
- console sb with … 以……安慰某人
- console oneself 自我安慰
- game console 游戏机
- control console 控制台
- 相关:
- consolation n. 安慰
- consolation prize 安慰奖
- 易混点:console(安慰/控制台)≠ council(议会)≠ counsel(劝告/律师)
constituent / constitute / constitution
- constituent(Collins: [N-COUNT] A constituent is someone who lives in a particular constituency, especially someone who is able to vote in an election.)
- 朗道:*[kәn’stitjuәnt] n. 成分, 选民, 构成物 相关: a. 构成的, 组织的, 选举的
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈstɪtjuənt; NAmE -tʃu-/ [adj.] (formal) forming or helping to make a whole 组成的;构成的 :
- constitute(Collins: [V-LINK: no cont] If something constitutes a particular thing, it can be regarded as being that thing.)
- 朗道:*[kәn’stitjut] vt. 构成, 组成, 任命
- 牛津高阶:/ˈkɒnstɪtju:t; NAmE ˈkɑ:nstətu:t/ [verb]
- constitution(Collins: [N-COUNT] The constitution of a country or organization is the system of laws which formally states people’s rights and duties.)
- 朗道:*[,kɒnsti’tju:ʃәn] n. 构成, 宪法, 体格
- 牛津高阶:/ˌkɒnstɪˈtju:ʃn; NAmE ˌkɑ:nstəˈtu:ʃn/ [noun]
- constituent n. 成分;选民 adj. 构成的
- constitute v. 构成,组成;设立;被视为
- constitution n. 宪法;体质;构成
- 搭配:
- chemical constituents 化学成分
- constituents of the electorate 选区选民
- constitute a threat 构成威胁
- constitute 40% of … 占……的 40%
- the Constitution 宪法
- have a strong constitution 体质好
- 相关:
- constituency n. 选区;选民
- constitutional adj. 宪法的;体质的
- component / element 组成部分
- 区别:
- constitute:动词“构成”
- constituent:名词“构成部分/选民”
- constitution:名词“宪法/体质/总构成”
- 易混点:词族一大串;institute(设立/学院)相关但义不同
constitute
- constitute(Collins: [V-LINK: no cont] If something constitutes a particular thing, it can be regarded as being that thing.)
- 朗道:*[kәn’stitjut] vt. 构成, 组成, 任命
- 牛津高阶:/ˈkɒnstɪtju:t; NAmE ˈkɑ:nstətu:t/ [verb]
- constitute v. 构成,组成;设立;被视为
- 搭配:
- constitute a threat 构成威胁
- constitute 40% of … 占……的 40%
- constitute a government / committee 组建政府/委员会
- constitute an important part of 构成……的重要组成部分
- 相关:
- constituent n. 成分;选民 adj. 构成的
- constitution n. 宪法;体质;构成
- constituency n. 选区
- component / element 组成部分
- 区别:
- constitute:动词“构成”
- constituent:名词“构成部分/选民”
- constitution:名词“宪法/体质/总构成”
- 易混点:
- 词族较大(constitute / constituent / constitution),注意区分词性和含义。
- 易与 institute(设立/学院)混淆;institute 侧重“设立机构”,constitute 侧重“构成/组成”。
- constitute 曾在 2026-06-23(作为 constituent/constitute/constitution 词族)和 2026-07-13 出现过;本次单独作为核心词再记。
constrain
- constrain(Collins: [VB] To constrain someone or something means to limit their development or force them to behave in a particular way. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[kәn’strein] vt. 强迫, 限制, 关押 相关: constrain sb to do sth
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈstreɪn/ [verb]
- constrain v. 限制,束缚;强迫
- 搭配:
- constrain sb to do 强迫某人做
- be constrained by 受……限制
- constrain growth 制约增长
- 相关:
- constraint n. 限制,约束
- restrain v. 抑制,制止(更偏“克制/阻止”)
- force / compel 强迫
- 易混点:constrain 强调外在限制;restrain 强调按住/忍住。constraint on/upon
contour
- contour(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu pl, usu with supp, oft N of n] You can refer to the general shape or outline of an object as its contours. (LITERARY))
- 朗道:*[‘kɒntuә] n. 轮廓 相关: vt. 画轮廓, a. 显示轮廓的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈkɒntʊə(r); NAmE ˈkɑ:ntʊr/ [noun]
- contour n. 轮廓;等高线 v. 画轮廓
- 搭配:
- contour of the face 面部轮廓
- contour line/map 等高线/等高线图
- body contour 身体曲线
- 相关:
- outline n. 大纲;外形
- profile n. 侧面;轮廓
- 易混点:contour 偏“曲线轮廓”;outline 也可指“提纲”
contrast / constrain
- contrast(Collins: [N-VAR: oft N between pl-n] A contrast is a great difference between two or more things which is clear when you compare them.)
- 朗道:*[kәn’trəst] n. 差别, 对比, 对照物 相关: vt. 使对比, vi. 成对照
- 牛津高阶:/ˈkɒntrɑ:st; NAmE ˈkɑ:ntræst/
- constrain(Collins: [VB] To constrain someone or something means to limit their development or force them to behave in a particular way. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[kәn’strein] vt. 强迫, 限制, 关押 相关: constrain sb to do sth
- 牛津高阶:/kənˈstreɪn/ [verb]
- contrast n./v. 对比,对照;差异;使形成对比
- constrain v. 限制,束缚;强迫
- 区别:
- contrast:强调两个事物之间的“差异对照”
- constrain:强调“施加限制/束缚”,使自由受限
- 搭配:
- in contrast (to) 相比之下
- by contrast 与之形成对比
- contrast A with B 把 A 和 B 对比
- constrain sb to do 强迫某人做
- be constrained by 受……限制
- 相关:
- constraint n. 限制,约束(constrain 的名词)
- restrain v. 抑制,克制(易与 constrain 混)
- constrain 曾在 2026-07-13 作为易混词记录过(与 restrain 对比)
- 易混点:
- 拼写易混:contrast vs constrain,首字母后第二字母不同(tr / s)。
- 含义完全不同:一个“对比”,一个“限制”。
controversial / contradictory / conversion / congressional / convention
- controversial(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If you describe something or someone as controversial, you mean that they are the subject of intense public argument, disagreement, or disapproval.)■ OPP non-controversial
- 朗道:*[,kɒntrə’və:ʃəl] a. 争论的, 论争的, 被议论的
- 牛津高阶:causing a lot of angry public discussion and disagreement 引起争论的;有争议的
- contradictory(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If two or more facts, ideas, or statements are contradictory, they state or imply that opposite things are true.)■ SYN conflicting
- 朗道:*[,kɒntrə’diktəri] a. 矛盾的, 对立的, 相反的
- 牛津高阶:containing or showing a contradiction 相互矛盾的;对立的
- conversion(Collins: [N-VAR] Conversion is the act or process of changing something into a different state or form.)
- 朗道:*[kən’və:ʃən] n. 转变, 转换, 改变宗教信仰
- 牛津高阶:the act or process of changing from one form to another 转变;转换
- congressional(Collins: [ADJ: ADJ n] A congressional policy, action, or person relates to the United States Congress.)
- 朗道:*[kən’greʃənl] a. 会议的, 议会的, 国会的
- 牛津高阶:related to or belonging to a congress or the Congress in the US (美国)国会的;立法机构的
- convention(Collins: [N-VAR] A convention is a way of behaving that is considered to be correct or polite by most people. [N-COUNT] a large meeting of an organization. [N-COUNT] an official agreement between countries.)■ SYN custom, assembly
- 朗道:*[kən’venʃən] n. 大会, 协定, 惯例, 约定
- 牛津高阶:the way sth is done that most people accept 习俗;[C] a large meeting 大会;[C] an agreement 公约
- controversial adj. 有争议的;引起争论的
- contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的;对立的
- conversion n. 转变;转换(convert 的名词)
- congressional adj. (美国)国会的;代表大会的
- convention n. 习俗;大会;公约;惯例
- 区别:五个词都以 con- 开头,但含义差别很大:
- controversial:引发公众争论的(人或事),主观评价性。
- contradictory:两个说法/事实“相互矛盾”,强调对立。
- conversion:转变 / 转换(过程)。
- congressional:(美国)国会的。
- convention:大会 / 习俗 / 公约。
- controversial vs contradictory:都带“争议/矛盾”色彩,但 controversial 指“这件事本身引发争论”(外界反应),contradictory 指“两个陈述本身互相矛盾”(内在冲突)。
- 搭配:
- a controversial plan/figure 有争议的计划/人物
- contradictory statements 自相矛盾的陈述
- data conversion 数据转换;conversion to Christianity 改信基督教
- congressional elections 国会选举
- social convention 社会习俗;the Geneva Convention 日内瓦公约
credential
- credential(朗道:*[kri’denʃəl] n. 国书, 凭据, 证明书;【经】凭证, 证书)
- 牛津高阶:(NAmE) to provide sb with credentials 提供证明书(或证件)
- credential n. 凭据;证书(常用复数 credentials:证件、资质证明)
- 搭配:
- academic credentials 学历证明
- credentials of a candidate 候选人的资历证明
crucial / critical
- crucial(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: oft ADJ to n] If you describe something as crucial, you mean it is extremely important.)■ SYN critical, essential
- 朗道:*[‘kru:ʃəl] a. 决定性的, 重要的, 严厉的;【医】十字形的
- 牛津高阶:~ (to/for sth) extremely important 至关重要的;关键的
- critical(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] A critical time, factor, or situation is extremely important.)■ SYN crucial, analytical
- 朗道:*[‘kritikəl] a. 批评的, 决定性的, 危险的, 临界的;【医】危象的, 临界的
- 牛津高阶:~ (of sb/sth) 批评的;挑剔的;极重要的;危急的 ■ SYN crucial;note at essential
- crucial adj. 至关重要的;关键的
- critical adj. 关键的;批评的;危急的;临界的
- 区别:
- crucial:只强调“极其重要、决定性”(关键)。
- critical:词义更广——可指“关键的/危急的”(同 crucial),也可指“批评的、挑剔的(be critical of)”;医学还指“危象/危急的、临界的”。
- 搭配:
- be crucial to/for 对……至关重要
- a critical decision 关键决定
- be critical of 对……挑剔/批评
- in a critical condition 处于危急状态
culminate / nominate / culinary
- culminate(Collins: [VB] If you say that an activity, process, or series of events culminates in or with a particular event, you mean that event happens at the end of it.)■ SYN end
- 朗道:*[‘kʌlmineit] vt.; vi. 到绝顶, 达于极点, 达到高潮;使到绝顶, 使达到高潮
- 牛津高阶:~ (in/with sth) to end with a particular result 以……告终;达到顶点
- nominate(Collins: [VB] If someone is nominated for a job or position, their name is formally suggested as a candidate for it.)■ SYN propose, put forward
- 朗道:*[‘nɒmineit] vt. 提名, 任命, 命名;【法】提名…为候选人, 指定, 推荐
- 牛津高阶:~ sb (for/as sth) to formally suggest that sb should be chosen 提名;任命
- culinary(Collins: [ADJ: ADJ n] Culinary means concerned with cooking. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[‘kʌlinəri] a. 厨房的, 烹调用的
- 牛津高阶:(formal) connected with cooking or food 烹饪的;食物的
- culminate v. 达到顶点;以……告终(culminate in/with)
- nominate v. 提名;任命(nominate sb for/as sth)
- culinary adj. 烹饪的;厨房的
- 区别:三个词都以 cul-/nom- 开头,词形相近但意思完全不同:
- culminate:达到高潮 / 最终告终(culminate in)。
- nominate:提名 / 任命(nominate for/as)。
- culinary:烹饪的(与 cooking 相关)。
- 搭配:
- culminate in success 最终取得成功
- nominate sb for the award 提名某人获奖
- culinary skills 烹饪技巧
culprit / cult / pulpit / cleric
- culprit(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu the N] When you are talking about a crime or something wrong that has been done, you can refer to the person who did it as the culprit.)■ SYN offender
- 朗道:*[‘kʌlprit] n. 犯人, 罪犯, 刑事被告;【法】犯罪者, 犯人, 罪犯
- 牛津高阶:a person who has done sth wrong or against the law 罪犯;犯错的人
- cult(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu sing, oft N of n] A cult is a fairly small religious group, especially one which is considered strange.)
- 朗道:*[kʌlt] n. 膜拜, 礼拜式, 祭仪, 一群信徒;【医】迷信, 巫术
- 牛津高阶:very popular with a particular group of people;邪教;狂热崇拜
- pulpit(Collins: [N-COUNT] A pulpit is a small raised platform with a rail or barrier around it in a church, where a member of the clergy stands to speak.)
- 朗道:*[‘pulpit] n. 讲道坛
- 牛津高阶:a small platform in a church 讲道坛
- cleric(Collins: [N-COUNT] A cleric is a member of the clergy.)
- 朗道:*[‘klerik] a. 牧师的, 教士的
- 牛津高阶:(old-fashioned or formal) a member of the clergy 教士;牧师
- culprit n. 罪犯;元凶
- cult n. 邪教;狂热崇拜;时尚
- pulpit n. 讲道坛
- cleric n. 教士;牧师
- 区别:四个词形近(cul-/pul-/cler-)但意思不同:
- culprit:坏人 / 元凶,干坏事的人。
- cult:小的宗教团体(尤指怪异)或对某事物的狂热崇拜。
- pulpit:教堂里的讲道坛(宗教建筑设施)。
- cleric:教士 / 牧师(神职人员)。
- 搭配:
- the culprit behind the problem 问题的元凶
- a cult following 一群狂热粉丝
- preach from the pulpit 在讲道坛上讲道
delve into
- delve into phr. 探索;探究;查考(牛津高阶:to try hard to find out more information about sth)
- delve v. [V + adv./prep.] (在容器中)翻找;探究(Collins: = dig, probe)
- 朗道:delve vt./vi. 探究,查考;相关词组: delve into
- 牛津高阶:delve in her handbag for a pen 在手提包里翻找钢笔
- 近义:look into, investigate, explore, examine, dig into
- 易混点:不是简单的 continue discussing,而是“更深入地研究 / 探讨”。
demographic
- demographic(Collins: [ADJ: ADJ n] Demographic means relating to or concerning demography or populations.)
- 朗道:*[,demə’grəfik] a. 人口统计的;【法】人口统计的, 人口学的
- 牛津高阶:relating to population and groups within a society 人口的;人口统计的
- demographic adj. 人口的;人口统计的
- 易混点:常与 demography(人口统计学)同根,注意是形容词词性。
- 搭配:demographic change 人口变化;demographic trends 人口趋势
deprive / derive
- deprive(Collins: [VB] If you deprive someone of something that they want or need, you take it away from them, or you prevent them from having it.)
- 朗道:*[di’praiv] vt. 剥夺, 使丧失 相关: deprive sb of sth
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈpraɪv/ [verb] to prevent sb from having or doing sth, especially sth important 剥夺;使丧失;使不能享有 :
- derive(Collins: [VB] If you derive something such as pleasure or benefit from a person or from something, you get it from them. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[di’raiv] vt. 得自 相关: vi. 起源, derive itself from…
- 牛津高阶:[verb] to come or develop from sth 从…衍生出;起源于;来自 :
- deprive v. 剥夺;使丧失(deprive sb of sth)
- derive v. 获得;起源于;导出(derive from)
- 易混点:
- deprive:前缀 de-(去掉)+ prive(私有),意为“剥夺”,常用 deprive sb of sth。
- derive:意为“从……获得/起源于”,常用 derive from。
- 搭配:
- deprive sb of sth 剥夺某人某物
- deprive of sleep / rights 剥夺睡眠/权利
- derive from 来源于;起源于
- derive pleasure / benefit from 从……获得快乐/好处
- 相关:
- deprivation n. 剥夺;匮乏
- derivation n. 起源;派生
- derivative n. 衍生物;派生词 adj. 派生的
deprive / derive / devise
- deprive(Collins: [VB] If you deprive someone of something that they want or need, you take it away from them, or you prevent them from having it.)
- 朗道:*[di’praiv] vt. 剥夺, 使丧失 相关: deprive sb of sth
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈpraɪv/ [verb] to prevent sb from having or doing sth, especially sth important 剥夺;使丧失;使不能享有 :
- derive(Collins: [VB] If you derive something such as pleasure or benefit from a person or from something, you get it from them. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[di’raiv] vt. 得自 相关: vi. 起源, derive itself from…
- 牛津高阶:[verb] to come or develop from sth 从…衍生出;起源于;来自 :
- devise(Collins: [VB] If you devise a plan, system, or machine, you have the idea for it and design it.)
- 朗道:*[di’vaiz] vt. 设计, 发明, 图谋, 遗赠给 相关: n. 遗赠
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈvaɪz/ [verb] to invent sth new or a new way of doing sth 发明;设计;想出
- deprive v. 剥夺;使丧失
- derive v. 获得;源自;派生
- devise v. 设计;发明;想出
- 区别:
- deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物
- derive sth. from sth. 从……获得 / 源自……
- devise a plan / method 想出计划 / 方法
- 相关:
- deprivation n. 剥夺;匮乏
- derivative n. 派生物 adj. 派生的
- device n. 装置;设备(注意不是 devise)
derive / devise / derive
- derive(Collins: [VB] If you derive something such as pleasure or benefit from a person or from something, you get it from them. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[di’raiv] vt. 得自 相关: vi. 起源, derive itself from…
- 牛津高阶:[verb] to come or develop from sth 从…衍生出;起源于;来自 :
- devise(Collins: [VB] If you devise a plan, system, or machine, you have the idea for it and design it.)
- 朗道:*[di’vaiz] vt. 设计, 发明, 图谋, 遗赠给 相关: n. 遗赠
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈvaɪz/ [verb] to invent sth new or a new way of doing sth 发明;设计;想出
- derive(Collins: [VB] If you derive something such as pleasure or benefit from a person or from something, you get it from them. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[di’raiv] vt. 得自 相关: vi. 起源, derive itself from…
- 牛津高阶:[verb] to come or develop from sth 从…衍生出;起源于;来自 :
- derive v. 获得;源自;派生
- devise v. 设计;发明;想出
- 区别:
- derive sth. from sth. 从……获得 / 源自……
- devise a plan / method 想出计划 / 方法
- 易混点:拼写接近,但语义完全不同。
- 相关:
- derivation n. 推导;派生;词源
- derivative n. 派生物 adj. 派生的
- device n. 装置;设备
derive / originate
- derive(Collins: [VB] If you derive something such as pleasure or benefit from a person or from something, you get it from them. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[di’raiv] vt. 得自 相关: vi. 起源, derive itself from…
- 牛津高阶:[verb] to come or develop from sth 从…衍生出;起源于;来自 :
- originate(Collins: [V-ERG] When something originates or when someone originates it, it begins to happen or exist. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[ә’ridʒineit] vt. 创始, 发明, 发起 相关: vi. 发源, 发生, 起航
- 牛津高阶:/əˈrɪdʒɪneɪt/ [verb]
- derive v. 获得;源自;派生
- originate v. 起源;发源;创始
- 区别:
- derive from:强调“从……得到 / 来源于”。
- originate in / from:强调“起源于 / 最初产生于”。
- 搭配:
- derive pleasure from reading 从阅读中获得快乐
- The custom originated in ancient times. 这一习俗起源于古代。
desirable / miserable
- desirable(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] Something that is desirable is worth having or doing because it is useful, necessary, or popular.)
- 朗道:*[di’zairәbl] a. 令人想望的, 可取的
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈzaɪərəbl/ [adj.]
- miserable(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: usu v-link ADJ] If you are miserable, you are very unhappy.)
- desirable adj. 值得拥有的;可取的;令人满意的
- miserable adj. 悲惨的;痛苦的;令人难受的
- 区别:
- desirable:positive,表示“想要的 / 理想的”。
- miserable:negative,表示“痛苦悲惨的”。
- 相关:
- desire n. / v. 渴望
- misery n. 痛苦;苦难
despise
- despise(Collins: [VB] If you despise something or someone, you dislike them and have a very low opinion of them.)
- 朗道:*[di’spait] vt. 轻视
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈspaɪz/ [verb] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to dislike and have no respect for sb/sth 鄙视;蔑视;看不起 :
- despise v. 鄙视;轻视;厌恶
- 英文替换:hate and have no respect for
- 近义:look down on, scorn, disdain
- 易混点:比 dislike 语气重,包含“看不起”。
detach
- detach(Collins: [V-ERG] If you detach one thing from another that it is fixed to, you remove it. If one thing detaches from another, it becomes separated from it. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[di’tətʃ] vt. 使分离, 分遣
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈtætʃ/ [verb]
- detach v. 分离;拆下;使脱离
- 同义 / 近义:separate, disconnect, remove
- 反义:attach, connect
- 相关:
- detached adj. 分离的;客观的;超然的
- detachment n. 分离;超然;客观
deter / deteriorate
- deter(Collins: [VB] To deter someone from doing something means to make them not want to do it or continue doing it. = *discourage)
- 朗道:*[di’tә:dʒ] vt. 制止, 吓住, 威慑
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈtɜ:(r)/ [verb] (-rr-) **~ sb (from sth/from doing sth)**to make sb decide not to do sth or continue doing sth, especially by making them understand the difficulties and unpleasant results of their actions 制止;阻止;威慑;使
- deteriorate(Collins: [VB] If something deteriorates, it becomes worse in some way. ≠ *improve)
- 朗道:*[di’tiәriәreit] vt. (使)恶化 相关: vi. (使)恶化
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt; NAmE -ˈtɪr-/ [verb]
- deter v. 阻止;威慑;使不敢(deter sb from doing sth)
- deteriorate v. 恶化;变坏;退化
- 易混点:
- deter:前缀 de-(离开)+ ter(吓退),意为“威慑、阻止”。
- deteriorate:拉丁语 deterior(更差的),意为“逐渐变差”。
- 搭配:
- deter crime / criminals 震慑犯罪/罪犯
- deter sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
- deteriorate rapidly 迅速恶化
- health / conditions deteriorate 健康/状况恶化
- 相关:
- deterrent n. 威慑力量 adj. 威慑的
- deterioration n. 恶化;退化
deteriorate / deter / detain
- deteriorate(Collins: [VB] If something deteriorates, it becomes worse in some way. ≠ *improve)
- 朗道:*[di’tiәriәreit] vt. (使)恶化 相关: vi. (使)恶化
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt; NAmE -ˈtɪr-/ [verb]
- deter(Collins: [VB] To deter someone from doing something means to make them not want to do it or continue doing it. = *discourage)
- 朗道:*[di’tә:dʒ] vt. 制止, 吓住, 威慑
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈtɜ:(r)/ [verb] (-rr-) **~ sb (from sth/from doing sth)**to make sb decide not to do sth or continue doing sth, especially by making them understand the difficulties and unpleasant results of their actions 制止;阻止;威慑;使
- detain(Collins: [VB] When people such as the police detain someone, they keep them in a place under their control. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[di’tein] vt. 扣留, 扣押, 耽搁
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈteɪn/ [verb]
- deteriorate v. 恶化;变坏;退化
- deter v. 阻止;威慑
- detain v. 拘留;耽搁;留住
- 区别:
- deteriorate:质量、健康、关系等变差。
- deter:通过威胁、困难等“阻止”。
- detain:官方拘留,或因某事耽搁。
- 相关:
- deterioration n. 恶化
- deterrent n. 威慑物;威慑因素
- detention n. 拘留;留堂
dignity / indignant
- dignity(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT] If someone behaves or moves with dignity, they are calm, controlled, and admirable. = *self-possession)
- 朗道:*[‘digniti] n. 尊严, 高贵
- 牛津高阶:/ˈdɪgnəti/ [noun]
- indignant(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: oft ADJ at/about n/-ing, ADJ that] If you are indignant, you are shocked and angry, because you think that something is unjust or unfair.)
- 朗道:*[in’dignәnt] a. 愤怒的, 愤慨的 相关: be indignant with sb over sth, be indignant with sb about sth, be indignant at sth
- 牛津高阶:/ɪnˈdɪgnənt/ [adj.]
- dignity n. 尊严,庄重;高贵
- indignant adj. 愤慨的,不平的
- 区别:
- dignity:名词,尊严/庄重
- indignant:形容词,愤慨的
- 搭配:
- human dignity 人的尊严
- maintain one’s dignity 保持尊严
- be indignant at/over/about sth 对某事感到愤慨
- 相关:
- indignation n. 愤慨,义愤
- dignified adj. 庄重的,有尊严的
- indignity n. 侮辱,轻蔑(dignity 的反义派生)
- 易混点:两词共享拉丁词根 dign-(值/价值),但 dignity=尊严,indignant=愤慨(in- 否定 + dignare 感到不配/不公正)。注意 indignity(侮辱)与 indignant(愤慨)形近但词性含义不同。
dilute
- dilute(Collins: [V-ERG] If a liquid is diluted or dilutes, it is added to or mixes with water or another liquid, and becomes weaker.)
- 朗道:*[dai’lju:t] vt. 冲淡, 稀释 相关: a. 淡的, 稀释的
- 牛津高阶:/daɪˈlu:t; BrE also -ˈlju:t/ (also di•luted) (of a liquid 液体) made weaker by adding water or another substance 稀释了的;冲淡了的 :
- dilute v. 稀释,冲淡 adj. 稀释的,减弱的
- 搭配:
- dilute sth with sth 用某物稀释
- dilute the influence 削弱影响(比喻义)
- 相关:
- dilution n. 稀释
- diluted adj. 稀释的
- 易混点:dilute(稀释/冲淡)vs dilute 作形容词(稀的),同形不同词性。注意比喻义“削弱/降低”。
dim / ambiguous
- dim(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] →dimly [ADV-GRADED: ADV after v, ADV -ed])
- 朗道:*[dim] a. 暗淡的, 模糊的 相关: vt. 使暗淡, take a dim view of…
- 牛津高阶:/dɪm/ [adj.] ▶LIGHT 光线
- ambiguous(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If you describe something as ambiguous, you mean that it is unclear or confusing because it can be understood in more than one way. = *vague≠obvious, clear)
- 朗道:*[əm’bigjuәs] a. 不明确的, 模棱两可的
- 牛津高阶:/æmˈbɪgjuəs/ [adj.]
- dim adj. 昏暗的;模糊的 v. 变暗,变模糊
- ambiguous adj. 模糊的,有歧义的;含糊不清的
- 区别:
- dim:侧重“光线暗淡/记忆模糊/前景不明”(视觉/感知层面)
- ambiguous:侧重“语义不明确/有歧义”(语言/含义层面)
- 搭配:
- dim light 昏暗的光线
- dim memory 模糊的记忆
- dim prospects 黯淡的前景
- ambiguous answer/statement 含糊的回答/声明
- ambiguous instructions 有歧义的说明
- 相关:
- dimly adv. 朦胧地,模糊地
- ambiguity n. 歧义,含糊
- 易混点:两者都有“模糊”义,但 dim 指视觉/感知上的暗淡模糊,ambiguous 指语言/含义上的不明确有歧义。
discipline
- discipline(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT] )
- 朗道:*[‘disiplin] n. 训练, 纪律 相关: vt. 训练, 惩罚
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- discipline n. 纪律;学科;训练 v. 训练;惩罚
- 搭配:
- maintain discipline 维持纪律
- academic discipline 学科
- self-discipline 自律
- discipline a child 惩罚孩子
- 相关:
- disciplined adj. 有纪律的;训练有素的
- disciplinary adj. 纪律的;惩戒的
disclose
- disclose(Collins: [VB] If you disclose new or secret information, you tell people about it. = *reveal)
- 朗道:*[dis’klәuz] vt. 揭露, 透露
- 牛津高阶:/dɪsˈkləʊz; NAmE -ˈkloʊz/ [verb]
- disclose v. 披露,公开;揭露
- 搭配:
- disclose information 披露信息
- disclose that … 透露……
- fully disclose 充分披露
- 相关:
- disclosure n. 披露
- close v. 关闭(反义相关:dis- 解开)
- reveal / expose / uncover 揭示/曝光/揭开
- 易混点:disclose = 说出来;enclose = 附上/围住
disperse / dispose / displace / distort
- disperse(Collins: [V-ERG] When something disperses or when you disperse it, it spreads over a wide area.)
- 朗道:*[dis’pә:s] vt. 分散, 传播, 散开 相关: vi. 分散, a. 分散的
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈspɜ:s; NAmE dɪˈspɜ:rs/ [verb]
- dispose
- 朗道:*[dis’pәuz] vt. 处理, 排列, 布置 相关: vi. 处置, dispose of…
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈspəʊz; NAmE dɪˈspoʊz/ [verb]
- displace(Collins: [VB] If one thing displaces another, it forces the other thing out of its place, position, or role, and then occupies that place, position, or role itself.)
- 朗道:*[dis’pleis] vt. 移置, 替换, 转移 相关: a. 可移置的, 可替换的, 可取代的
- 牛津高阶:/dɪsˈpleɪs/ [verb]
- distort(Collins: [VB] If you distort a statement, fact, or idea, you report or represent it in an untrue way.)
- 朗道:*[dis’tɒ:t] vt. 扭曲, 歪曲
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈstɔ:t; NAmE dɪˈstɔ:rt/ [verb]
- disperse v. 分散,散开;驱散;传播
- dispose v. 处理,处置;使倾向于
- displace v. 取代,替代;迫使……离开家园
- distort v. 歪曲,曲解;使变形
- 搭配:
- disperse the crowd 驱散人群
- seeds dispersed by the wind 被风吹散的种子
- dispose of 处理/处置……
- dispose of waste 处理废物
- be disposed to do sth 倾向于做某事
- displaced people/refugees 流离失所的人/难民
- distort the truth/facts 歪曲事实
- distort the market 扭曲市场
- 相关:
- dispersion n. 分散,散布
- disposal n. 处理,处置;丢弃
- disposable adj. 一次性的;可支配的
- disposition n. 性情,倾向;部署
- displacement n. 位移;取代;被迫迁徙
- distortion n. 歪曲,扭曲
- 区别:
| 词 | 核心含义 | 词根记忆 |
|---|
| disperse | 分散/散开 | se 散开 |
| dispose | 处理/处置 | dispose of 扔掉 |
| displace | 取代/挤走 | 把原位置上的人挤走 |
| distort | 歪曲/扭曲 | tort = 扭 |
disperse / spread
- disperse(Collins: [V-ERG] When something disperses or when you disperse it, it spreads out and becomes less dense or less concentrated.)
- 朗道:*[dis’pə:s] v. 分散, 传播, 散开
- 牛津高阶:to move apart and go away in different directions
- spread(Collins: [VB] If you spread something somewhere, you open it out or arrange it over a surface so that it covers an area.)
- 朗道:*[spred] v. 传播, 散布, 伸展;n. 范围
- 牛津高阶:an increase in the amount or number of sth that there is
- disperse v. 分散;驱散;散开
- spread v. 传播;铺开;伸展;n. 传播;范围;涂抹
- 近义:scatter
- 区别:
- disperse:强调“散开、分散开”,使原本集中的事物变得稀疏或消失。
- spread:强调“传播、铺开”,可指信息、疾病、影响等扩散。
- 搭配:
- disperse the crowd 驱散人群
- spread news 传播消息
- spread out 展开;摊开
dispute
- dispute(Collins: [N-VAR: usu with supp, oft N with/over n, N between pl-n] A dispute is an argument or disagreement between people or groups.)
- 朗道:*[dis’pju:t] n. 争论 相关: vt. 争论, vi. 争论, in dispute
- 牛津高阶:/dɪˈspju:t; ˈdɪspju:t/
- dispute n. 争端;争议;纠纷 v. 争论;质疑;争夺
- 中文:争端;争议;争论
- 近义:argument, debate, controversy, conflict
- 搭配:
- in dispute 有争议的;在争论中
- settle / resolve a dispute 解决争端
- beyond / without dispute 无可争辩的
- dispute a claim / decision 质疑索赔/决定
- 相关:
- disputable adj. 有争议的
- indisputable adj. 无可争辩的
dubious
- dubious(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If you describe something as dubious, you mean that you think it is not completely honest, safe, or reliable.)
- 朗道:*[‘dju:biəs] a. 可疑的, 不确定的
- 牛津高阶:~ (about sth)/(about doing sth) 怀疑的;可疑的;不确定的 ■ SYN doubtful, suspicious
- dubious adj. 可疑的;怀疑的;不确定的
- 近义:doubtful, suspicious
- 搭配:
- be dubious about sth 对某事半信半疑
- a dubious claim 可疑的说法
- 易混点:注意区别于 doubtful(更侧重“可能性不确定”),dubious 兼有“可疑/不可信”义。
elite
- elite n. [C] the most powerful, rich, or talented people within a particular group, place, or society(Collins)
- elite adj. 精英的;出类拔萃的
- 朗道:n. 精华,精锐,中坚分子
- 牛津高阶:adj. [only before noun] 一批出类拔萃的;高级的
- 搭配:intellectual elite 知识界精英;elite group 精英集团
- 易混点:作名词时常指“精英阶层 / 掌权小群体”,不是普通的“优秀的人”。
embody
- embody(Collins: [VB] To embody an idea or quality means to be a symbol or expression of that idea or quality. = *represent)
- 朗道:*[im’bɒdi] vt. 具体表达, 使具体化
- 牛津高阶:/ɪmˈbɒdi; NAmE ɪmˈbɑ:di/ [verb]
- embody v. 体现,使具体化;包含
- 搭配:
- embody the spirit of … 体现……精神
- embody an idea 使思想具体化
- principles embodied in the constitution 宪法所体现的原则
- 相关:
- embodiment n. 化身,体现
- body n. 身体;主体
- 易混点:embody ≠ embed(嵌入);embody 是“体现/包容”,embed 是“嵌入”
embrace
- embrace(Collins: [V-RECIP] If you embrace someone, you put your arms around them and hold them tightly, usually in order to show your love or affection for them. You can also say that two people embrace. = *hug)
- 朗道:*[im’breis] n. 拥抱 相关: vt. 拥抱, 互相拥抱, 包含, 收买, vi. 拥抱
- 牛津高阶:/ɪmˈbreɪs/
- embrace v. 拥抱;欣然接受;包含
- embrace n. 拥抱
- 英文替换:hug; accept willingly; include
- 搭配:
- embrace change 接受变化
- embrace an opportunity 抓住机会
- 易混点:抽象语境中常不是“拥抱”,而是“接受 / 采纳”。
eminent
- eminent(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n] An eminent person is well-known and respected.)
- 朗道:*[‘eminənt] a. 显赫的, 杰出的, 有名的
- 牛津高阶:(of people) famous and respected, especially in a particular field 著名的;杰出的;有声望的
- eminent adj. 杰出的;显赫的;有名望的
- 搭配:an eminent scientist 杰出的科学家;an eminent scholar 著名学者
empire
- empire(Collins: [N-COUNT] An empire is a number of individual nations that are all controlled by the government or ruler of one particular country.)
- 朗道:*[‘empaiә] n. 帝国, 帝权
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- empire n. 帝国;大企业
- 搭配:
- Roman Empire 罗马帝国
- business empire 商业帝国
- 相关:
- emperor n. 皇帝
- imperial adj. 帝国的;皇帝的
endow
- endow(Collins: You say that someone is endowed with a particular desirable feature or ability when they have it naturally.)
- 朗道:*[in’dau] vt. 捐赠, 捐助, 赋予
- 牛津高阶:be endowed with sth 天生具有(某种品质/能力);to give money to a school/college 资助,捐赠
- endow v. 捐赠;资助;(常用被动)赋予,天生具有
- 搭配:
- be endowed with intelligence/talent 天生具有才智/天赋
- endow a hospital 捐赠医院
entail
- entail(Collins: [VB] If one thing entails another, it involves it or causes it. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[in’teil] vt. 使成为必需, 需要, 使承担, 遗传给 相关: n. 限定继承, entail great expense on sb
- 牛津高阶:/ɪnˈteɪl/ [verb] to involve sth that cannot be avoided 牵涉;须要;使必要
- entail v. 牵涉;需要;使成为必然
- 英文替换:involve, require, make necessary
- 搭配:
- The job entails frequent travel. 这份工作需要经常出差。
- 易混点:常表示“某事必然带来某后果 / 要求”。
epidemic / pandemic / plague
- epidemic n. [C] 流行病;(某事物的)泛滥 adj. 流行性的(Collins: affects a very large number of people and spreads quickly)
- pandemic n. [C] 大流行病;全球性流行病 adj. 大流行的(Collins: an occurrence of a disease that affects many people over a very wide area)
- plague n. [C, U] 瘟疫;鼠疫;灾祸 v. 折磨;使苦恼(Collins: a very infectious disease that spreads quickly and kills large numbers of people)
- 朗道:epidemic n. 传染病,流行病;pandemic a. 大流行的,全世界的;plague n. 瘟疫,天罚,麻烦,灾祸
- 牛津高阶:epidemic — Car theft is now reaching epidemic proportions. 汽车偷盗现已近泛滥成灾。;pandemic — a pandemic disease 大范围流行的疾病;plague — = bubonic plague 鼠疫
- 区别:
- epidemic:在某地区或群体中迅速传播。
- pandemic:跨国家、跨洲甚至全球传播。
- plague:可指具体瘟疫(尤指鼠疫),也可泛指“长期困扰的问题”。
esteem
- esteem(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT] If you esteem someone or something, you respect or admire them. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[i’sti:m] n. 尊敬, 尊重 相关: vt. 尊敬, 尊重, 认为, have a great esteem for…
- 牛津高阶:/ɪˈsti:m/ [noun] (formal) great respect and admiration; a good opinion of sb 尊重;敬重;好评 :
- esteem n. 尊重;敬重 v. 尊重;认为
- 英文替换:respect, admiration, regard
- 搭配:
- self-esteem 自尊(心)
- be held in high esteem 深受尊敬
- esteem it an honor 认为这是一种荣幸
- 相关:
- esteemed adj. 受尊敬的(esteemed guest 尊贵的客人)
evidence / evident
- evidence(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT: oft N of/for n, N that, N to-inf] )
- 朗道:*[‘evidәns] n. 根据, 证据, 迹象 相关: There is evidence that…, give no evidence of…, in evidence
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- evident(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If something is evident, you notice it easily and clearly. = *noticeable, unmistakable)
- 朗道:*[,evi’denʃәl] a. 显然的, 明显的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈevɪdənt/ [adj.]
- evidence n. 证据,证词 v. 证明,显示
- evident adj. 明显的,显然的
- 区别:
- evidence:名词(证据),也可作动词(证明)
- evident:形容词(明显的)
- 搭配:
- evidence of/for sth 某事的证据
- in evidence 显而易见地出现
- it is evident that… 显然……
- 相关:
- evidently adv. 显然地
- self-evident adj. 不证自明的
- 易混点:同源词,evidence(n.) → evident(adj.),拼写只差后缀 -ence / -ent。
exaggerate
- exaggerate(Collins: [VB] If you exaggerate, you indicate that something is larger, better, or worse than it really is.)
- 朗道:*[ig’zədʒəreit] v. 夸大, 夸张
- 牛津高阶:to make sth seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really is
- exaggerate v. 夸大;夸张;言过其实
- 相关:
- exaggerated adj. 夸张的;夸大的
- exaggeration n. 夸张;夸大
- 易混点:程度上的“夸大”,不是完全虚假,而是超出实际。
exert oneself to do
- exert(Collins: [VB] If someone or something exerts influence, authority, or pressure, they use it in a strong or determined way, especially in order to produce a particular effect. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[ig’zә:t] vt. 发挥, 运用, 施以影响 相关: exert an effect on…, exert direct control of…, exert oneself
- 牛津高阶:/ɪgˈzɜ:t; NAmE ɪgˈzɜ:rt/ [verb]
- oneself(Collins: [PRON-REFL] A speaker or writer uses oneself as the object of a verb or preposition in a clause where
oneself' meaning me’ or `any person in general’ refers to the same person as the subject of the verb. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[wʌn’self] pron. 自己, 亲自 相关: be oneself, by oneself, for oneself
- 牛津高阶:/wʌnˈself/ [pron.]
- exert oneself to do 努力做某事;尽力做某事
- 英文替换:make an effort to do, try hard to do
- 用法:exert oneself + to do / in doing
- He exerted himself to finish the task on time. 他努力按时完成任务。
- 相关:
- exert v. 施加(影响/压力);运用(力量/权力)
- exert pressure / influence on 对……施加压力/影响
- exertion n. 努力;费力;行使
exterior
- exterior(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu sing] The exterior of something is its outside surface. = *outside)
- 朗道:*[ik’stiәriә] n. 外部, 表面, 外貌 相关: a. 外部的, 外在的, 表面的
- 牛津高阶:/ɪkˈstɪəriə(r); NAmE -ˈstɪr-/ [adj.] on the outside of sth; done or happening outdoors 外面的;外部的;外表的 :
- exterior n. 外部;外表;外貌 adj. 外部的;外面的
- 反义:interior(内部的)
- 搭配:
- exterior wall 外墙
- exterior appearance 外观
- calm / cool exterior 冷静的外表
extinct / extinguish / distinguish
- extinct(Collins: [ADJ] A species of animal or plant that is extinct no longer has any living members.)■ OPP active
- 朗道:*[ik’stiŋkt] a. 熄灭的, 灭绝的, 耗尽的
- 牛津高阶:(of a type of plant, animal, etc.) no longer in existence 灭绝的;熄灭的(火山)
- extinguish(Collins: [VB] If you extinguish a fire or a light, you stop it burning or shining.)■ SYN put out
- 朗道:*[ik’stiŋgwiʃ] vt. 熄灭, 使消亡, 压制, 使减色
- 牛津高阶:to make a fire stop burning or a light stop shining 熄灭;扑灭
- distinguish(Collins: [VB] If you can distinguish one thing from another, you can see or understand the difference between them.)■ SYN tell apart, set apart, make out
- 朗道:*[dis’tiŋgwiʃ] vt.; vi. 区别, 辨别
- 牛津高阶:~ (between) A and B / ~ A from B to recognize the difference 区分;辨别
- extinct adj. 灭绝的;熄灭的(火山);不复存在的
- extinguish v. 熄灭;扑灭;使消亡(扑灭希望等)
- distinguish v. 区别;辨别;使出众(distinguish oneself)
- 区别:三者拼写相近(都含 -stin / -sting / -stinct),但含义不同:
- extinct:形容词,指物种“灭绝的”或火山“熄灭的/死的”。
- extinguish:动词,指“扑灭(火/光)”或“使(希望等)破灭”。
- distinguish:动词,指“区分/辨别”,与前两者语义无关,只是词形相近。
- 搭配:
- become extinct 灭绝
- extinguish a fire 灭火
- distinguish A from B 区分 A 与 B;distinguish oneself 使自身卓越/出名
fertility / fertile / fertilizer
- fertility n. [U] 肥沃;丰饶;生育力;能生育性(牛津高阶:the state of being fertile)
- fertile adj. 肥沃的;能生育的;富有创造力的(Collins: able to support the growth of a large number of strong healthy plants)
- fertilizer n. [C, U] 肥料(Collins: a substance such as solid animal waste or a chemical mixture that you spread on the ground to make plants grow more successfully)
- 朗道:fertility n. 肥沃,丰饶,生产力;fertile a. 可繁殖的,肥沃的;fertilizer n. 肥料
- 牛津高阶:fertile — (of land) that plants grow well in 肥沃的;(of people, animals or plants) that can produce babies 能生育的
- 易错点:
- fertile 是“肥沃的 / 多产的”。
- fertilizer 不是“肥沃的”,而是“肥料”。
- 同根词:
- fertilize v. 使受精;给……施肥
- infertile adj. 不育的;贫瘠的(OPP of fertile)
- infertility n. 不育;贫瘠
forge
- forge(Collins: [V-RECIP] If one person or institution forges an agreement or relationship with another, they create it with a lot of hard work, hoping that it will be strong or lasting. = *form)
- 朗道:*[fɒ:dʒ] n. 熔炉, 铁工厂 相关: vt. 打制, 锻造, 伪造, vi. 锻造, 伪造
- 牛津高阶:/fɔ:dʒ; NAmE fɔ:rdʒ/ [noun]
- forge v. 锻造;建立;伪造
- forge n. 锻炉;铁匠铺
- 常见义:
- forge a sword 锻造剑
- forge a relationship 建立关系
- forge a signature 伪造签名
- 相关:forgery n. 伪造;伪造品
- formidable(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If you describe something or someone as formidable, you mean that you feel slightly frightened by them because they are very great or impressive. = *daunting)
- 朗道:*[‘fɒ:midәbli] a. 巨大的, 优秀的, 可怕的, 艰难的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈfɔ:mɪdəbl; fəˈmɪd-; NAmE ˈfɔ:rm-; fərˈm-/ [adj.] if people, things or situations areformidable, you feel fear and/or respect for them, because they are impressive or powerful, or because they seem very difficult 可怕的;令人敬畏的;难对付的 :
- formidable adj. 强大的;令人敬畏的;难对付的
- 英文替换:powerful, impressive, difficult to deal with
- 常见搭配:a formidable opponent 强大的对手;a formidable task 艰巨的任务
- 易混点:不是简单的“可怕”,更常表示“强大到令人畏惧 / 难应付”。
fraction
- fraction(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft N of n] A fraction is a tiny amount or proportion of something.)
- 朗道:*[‘frəkʃәn] n. 小部分, 破片, 分数
- 牛津高阶:/ˈfrækʃn/ [noun]
- fraction n. 分数;小部分;片段
- 搭配:
- a fraction of 一小部分
- common fraction 普通分数
- decimal fraction 小数
- 相关:
fragile / vulnerable / delicate
- fragile adj. 易碎的;不牢固的;脆弱的(Collins: weak or uncertain, unlikely to be able to resist strong pressure = unstable)
- vulnerable adj. 易受伤害的;脆弱的;易受攻击的(Collins: weak and without protection, easily hurt physically or emotionally)
- delicate adj. 易损的;易碎的;精致的;微妙的(牛津高阶:easily damaged or broken SYN fragile)
- 朗道:fragile a. 易碎的,脆的;vulnerable a. 易受伤害的,有弱点的,易受影响的,脆弱的;delicate a. 细致优雅的,微妙的
- 牛津高阶:fragile — easily broken or damaged 易碎的;不牢固的;脆弱的;vulnerable — weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally 脆弱的,易受伤害的;delicate — easily damaged or broken SYN fragile 易损的;精细的
- 朗道相关词组:be vulnerable to
- 区别:
- fragile:物理上易碎,或身体 / 情况脆弱、不确定。
- vulnerable:容易受到伤害、攻击、影响(常接 to)。
- delicate:精细、易损、需要小心处理,也可指问题“微妙”。
- 易错拼写:vulnerable(不是 vulerable)
furnish
- furnish(Collins: [VB] If you furnish a room or building, you put furniture and furnishings into it.)
- 朗道:*[‘fә:niʃ] vt. 供给, 提供, 装设 相关: furnish…with sth
- 牛津高阶:/ˈfɜ:nɪʃ; NAmE ˈfɜ:rnɪʃ/ [verb]
- furnish v. 提供;装备;布置家具
- 搭配:
- furnish sb with sth / furnish sth to sb 提供某人某物
- furnish a room / house 布置房间/房子
- 相关:
- furniture n. 家具
- furnishing n. 家具;陈设
generalize / summarise
- generalize(Collins: [VB] If you generalize, you say something that seems to be true in most situations or for most people, but that may not be completely true in all cases.)
- 朗道:*[‘dʒenәrәlaiz] vt. 一般化, 概括, 推广 相关: vi. 形成概念, 笼统讲
- 牛津高阶:/ˈdʒenrəlaɪz/ [verb]
- summarise
- 朗道:*[,sʌmәrai’zeiʃәn] vt. 概括, 总结, 摘要, 概述 相关: n. 摘要, 概要
- generalize v. 概括;推广;笼统地说(AmE;BrE 亦作 generalise)
- summarise / summarize v. 总结,概述
- ⚠️ 用户拼写
summurise 为误写,正确为 summarise(BrE)/ summarize(AmE)
- 搭配:
- generalize from experience 从经验中归纳
- It’s dangerous to generalize. 一概而论很危险。
- summarise the main points 总结要点
- in summary / to summarize 总之
- 相关:
- generalization n. 概括;泛化
- summary n. 摘要 adj. 简要的
- general adj. 一般的
- 区别:
- generalize:由个别推到一般(可能过度概括)
- summarise:把已有内容压缩成要点(不必然“推广”)
- 易混点:summarise 中间是 a(summarise),不是 u
grim / grip
- grim(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] A situation or piece of information that is grim is unpleasant, depressing, and difficult to accept.)
- 朗道:*[gri’meis] a. 冷酷的, 坚强的, 残忍的, 可怕的, 讨厌的
- 牛津高阶:/grɪm/ [adj.]
- grip(Collins: [VB] If you grip something, you take hold of it with your hand and continue to hold it firmly.)
- 朗道:*[grip] n. 紧握, 柄, 握力, 握手方式, 手提包, 掌握, 支配, 控制 相关: vt. 抓紧, 抱住, 吸住, 掌握, vi. 握牢, 有吸引力
- 牛津高阶:/grɪp/ [noun] ▶HOLDING TIGHTLY 紧握
- grim adj. 严峻的;阴冷的;令人沮丧的;冷酷的
- grip n. 紧握;控制;理解 v. 紧握;吸引;控制
- 易混点:
- grim:形容形势、表情、环境“严峻 / 阴沉”。
- grip:名词或动词,核心是“抓住 / 控制”。
- 搭配:
- a grim situation 严峻形势
- lose one’s grip 失去控制
- grip the audience 吸引观众
guild / guilt
- guild(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft in names, N of n] A guild is an organization of people who do the same job.)
- 朗道:*[gild] n. 团体, 协会, 行业协会
- 牛津高阶:/gɪld/ [noun]
- guilt(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT] )
- 朗道:*[gilt] n. 罪行, 内疚
- 牛津高阶:/gɪlt/ [noun]
- guild n. 行会;协会;同业公会
- guilt n. 内疚;罪责;有罪
- 易混点:
- guild:职业组织,如 craft guild(手工业行会)。
- guilt:心理上的“内疚”或法律上的“罪责”。
- 相关:
hitherto
- hitherto(Collins: [ADV: ADV after v, ADV with cl, ADV adj/-ed] You use hitherto to indicate that something was true up until the time you are talking about, although it may no longer be the case. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[‘hitlәrizm] ad. 迄今, 至今
- 牛津高阶:/ˌhɪðəˈtu:; NAmE ˌhɪðərˈtu:/ [adv.] (formal) until now; until the particular time you are talking about 迄今;直到某时 :
- hitherto adv. 迄今;到目前为止
- 英文替换:until now, so far, up to this time
- 语体:较正式,常见于阅读和书面语。
- 近义:heretofore(更正式), thus far, so far
hoist
- hoist(Collins: [VB] If you hoist something heavy somewhere, you lift it or pull it up there.)
- 朗道:*[hɒist] n. 升高, 起重机, 推动 相关: vt. 升起, 升高, 举起, vi. 升起, 升高, 举起
- 牛津高阶:/hɔɪst/ [noun] a piece of equipment used for lifting heavy things, or for lifting people who cannot stand or walk 起重机;吊车;(残疾人用)升降机
- hoist v. 升起,吊起 n. 吊升设备;升起
- 搭配:
- hoist a flag 升旗
- hoist the sails 扬帆
- hoist sb with his own petard 害人反害己(习语)
- 相关:
- lift / raise / elevate 抬起/升起
- 易混点:hoist 强调用器械或用力往上吊;host(主人)差一个 i
hostage
- hostage(Collins: [N-COUNT] A hostage is someone who has been captured by a person or organization and who may be killed or injured if people do not do what that person or organization demands.)
- 朗道:*[‘hɒstidʒ] n. 人质, 抵押品
- 牛津高阶:/ˈhɒstɪdʒ; NAmE ˈhɑ:s-/ [noun] a person who is captured and held prisoner by a person or group, and who may be injured or killed if people do not do what the person or group is asking 人质 :
- hostage n. 人质
- 搭配:
- take / hold sb hostage 劫持/扣押某人为人质
- hostage crisis 人质危机
- hostage situation 人质事件
huddle
- huddle(Collins: [VB] If you huddle somewhere, you sit, stand, or lie there holding your arms and legs close to your body, usually because you are cold or frightened. = *hunch up)
- 朗道:*[‘hʌdl] n. 杂乱一团, 混乱, 拥挤 相关: vt. 把…挤在一起, 乱堆, 草率了事, 蜷曲, vi. 挤作一团, 蜷缩, go into a huddle with sb
- 牛津高阶:/ˈhʌdl/ [noun]
- huddle v. 挤成一团;蜷缩 n. 挤在一起的一群;私下商议
- 搭配:
- huddle together 挤在一起
- huddle up 蜷缩
- go into a huddle 凑在一起密谈
- 相关:
- cuddle v. 搂抱(形近)
- crowd n./v. 人群;拥挤
- 易混点:huddle 挤作一团;cuddle 亲热拥抱
imminent
- imminent(Collins: [ADJ] If you say that something is imminent, especially something unpleasant, you mean it is almost certain to happen very soon.)
- 朗道:*[‘iminənt] a. 即将来临的, 逼近的
- 牛津高阶:(especially of sth unpleasant) likely to happen very soon 即将发生
- imminent adj. 即将发生的;逼近的(尤指不愉快的事)
- 易错点:拼写 im-min-ent(双 m)。
- 易混点:与 eminent(adj. 杰出的;显赫的,已记于 2026-08-19)形近但义异——imminent 是“即将来临的”,eminent 是“著名的/杰出的”。
- 搭配:an imminent danger/threat 迫近的危险/威胁;imminent disaster 即将发生的灾难
in essence
- in essence(essence 朗道:*[‘esns] n. 实质, 本质, 香精;牛津高阶:the most important quality or feature of sth 本质;要素)
- 牛津高阶:IDIOM of the ‘essence 至关重要的
- in essence 本质上;实质上
- 搭配:
- in essence 本质上(= essentially)
- time is of the essence 时间至关重要
inclusive / incorporate
- inclusive(Collins: [ADJ: oft ADJ of n] If a price is inclusive, it includes all the charges connected with the goods or services offered. If a price is inclusive of postage and packing, it includes the charge for this.)
- 朗道:*[in’klu:siv] a. 包含的, 包括的
- 牛津高阶:/ɪnˈklu:sɪv/ [adj.]
- incorporate(Collins: [VB] If one thing incorporates another thing, it includes the other thing. (FORMAL) = *include)
- 朗道:*[in’kɒ:pәreit] a. 合并的, 组成公司的, 一体化的 相关: vt. 吸收, 合并, 使组成公司, 体现, vi. 合并, 混合, 组成公司
- 牛津高阶:/ɪnˈkɔ:pəreɪt; NAmE -ˈkɔ:rp-/ [verb]
- inclusive adj. 包含全部的;包容的;包括的
- incorporate v. 包含;合并;吸收;把……纳入
- 区别:
- inclusive 是形容词,强调“不排除 / 包括在内”。
- incorporate 是动词,强调“把某物纳入整体”。
- 搭配:
- inclusive education 融合教育 / 包容性教育
- incorporate A into B 把 A 纳入 B
inclusive of
- inclusive of(inclusive Collins: If a price is inclusive, it includes all the charges connected with the goods or services.)
- 朗道:*[in’klu:siv] a. 包含的, 包括的
- 牛津高阶:~ (of sth) having the total cost included 包含全部费用的;包括的 ■ OPP exclusive
- inclusive of 包括……在内的
- 搭配:
- inclusive of tax 含税
- a price inclusive of delivery 含运费的价格
- all-inclusive 一价全包的
indispensable
- indispensable(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If you say that someone or something is indispensable, you mean that they are absolutely essential and cannot be managed without. = *essential)
- 朗道:*[,indis’pensəbl] a. 不可缺少的, 绝对必要的
- 牛津高阶:too important to be without
- indispensable adj. 必不可少的;不可或缺的;绝对必要的
- 英文替换:essential, necessary
- 反义:dispensable
- 搭配:
- indispensable to / for sth 对某事必不可少
- an indispensable part 不可或缺的一部分
inferior
- inferior(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: oft ADJ to n] Something that is inferior is not as good as something else. ≠ *superior)
- 朗道:*[in’fiәriә] a. 次等的, 较差的, 下方的, 下级的 相关: n. 部下, 次品, 下标(符号), be inferior to
- 牛津高阶:/ɪnˈfɪəriə(r); NAmE -ˈfɪr-/ [adj.]
- inferior adj. 劣等的,次的;下级的 n. 下级,下属
- 搭配:
- inferior to 次于……,不如…… ⚠️ 用 to,不用 than
- inferior quality 劣质
- inferior goods 劣质商品
- make sb feel inferior 使某人感到自卑
- 相关:
- inferiority n. 劣势,自卑感
- inferiority complex 自卑情结
- superior adj./n. 优越的;上级
- 易混点:inferior/superior 后接 to,不接 than。同类词:senior, junior, prior 均接 to
inflation
- inflation(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT] ---)
- 朗道:*[in’fleiʃәn] n. 胀大, 夸张, 通货膨胀
- 牛津高阶:/ɪnˈfleɪʃn/ [noun]
- inflation n. 通货膨胀;膨胀
- 搭配:
- inflation rate 通货膨胀率
- control / reduce inflation 控制/降低通胀
- inflation pressure 充气压力
- 相关:
- inflate v. 充气;膨胀;夸大
- deflation n. 通货紧缩
initiate
- initiate(Collins: [VB] If you initiate something, you start it or cause it to happen.)
- 朗道:*[i’niʃieit] n. 入会, 开始 相关: a. 新加入的, vt. 开始, 传授基本知识给
- 牛津高阶:/ɪˈnɪʃiət/
- initiate v. 开始,发起;使初步了解;接纳加入
- 搭配:
- initiate sth 发起/开始某事
- initiate sb into sth 使某人初步了解某事(入会/入门)
- 相关:
- initiation n. 开始,发起;入会仪式
- initiative n. 主动权,倡议;adj. 起始的
- initiator n. 发起者
- 易混点:initiate(动词,开始/发起)vs initiative(名词,主动权/倡议),形近但词性含义不同。take the initiative 采取主动。
insult
- insult(Collins: [VB] If someone insults you, they say or do something that is rude or offensive.)
- 朗道:*[‘insʌlt] n. 侮辱, 无礼, 损害 相关: vt. 损害, 侮辱, 攻击, add insult to injury
- 牛津高阶:/ˈɪnsʌlt/
- insult v. 侮辱;冒犯 n. 侮辱;冒犯
- 英文替换:offend, affront, humiliate
- 搭配:
- insult sb’s intelligence 侮辱某人的智商
- add insult to injury 雪上加霜
- take it as an insult 认为这是一种侮辱
- 相关:
intrusion / invasion
- intrusion n. [U, C] 侵扰;闯入;打扰;侵犯(Collins: disturbs your mood or your life in a way you do not like)
- invasion n. [C, U] 入侵;侵略;武装进入(Collins: a foreign army enters it by force)
- 朗道:intrusion n. 闯入,侵扰;invasion n. 侵犯,侵入,侵害
- 牛津高阶:invasion — the act of an army entering another country by force 武装入侵;侵略;侵犯
- 区别:
- intrusion:侧重“不受欢迎地进入 / 打扰”,范围可大可小,如 invasion of privacy(侵犯隐私)。
- invasion:语气更强,常指军事入侵、大规模侵入,或严重侵犯。
- 词形:
- intrude v. 闯入;打扰;侵扰
- intrusive adj. 侵扰的;烦扰的
- invade v. 入侵;侵略;侵扰
judicial
- judicial(Collins: [ADJ: ADJ n] →judicially [ADV: ADV with v])
- 朗道:*[dʒu:‘diʃәl] a. 法庭的, 公正的, 审判上的, 司法的
- 牛津高阶:/dʒuˈdɪʃl/ [adj.] connected with a court, a judge or legal judgement 法庭的;法官的;审判的;司法的 :
- judicial adj. 司法的;法庭的;审判的
- 搭配:
- judicial system 司法体系
- judicial review 司法审查
- judicial power 司法权
- judicial process 司法程序
- 相关:
- judiciary n. 司法部门;法官总称
- judge n. 法官 v. 判断
- judgment / judgement n. 判决;判断
- jurisdiction n. 司法权;管辖范围
- prejudice n. 偏见(勿混)
- 易混点:judicial(司法)≠ judicious(明智的、有判断力的)
jury
- jury(Collins: [N-COUNT-COLL: also by N] In a court of law, the jury is the group of people who have been chosen from the general public to listen to the facts about a crime and to decide whether the person accused is guilty or not.)
- 朗道:*[‘dʒuәri] n. 陪审团, 评判委员会 相关: a. 应急的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈdʒʊəri; NAmE ˈdʒʊri/ [noun]
- jury n. 陪审团;评判委员会
- 英文替换:panel of judges, committee
- 搭配:
- jury trial 陪审团审判
- serve on a jury 担任陪审员
- the jury is still out 尚无定论(习语)
- 易混点:jury ≠ judge(jury 是一群人,judge 是一个法官)
lad
- lad(Collins: [N-COUNT; N-VOC] A lad is a young man or boy. (INFORMAL))
- 朗道:*[ləd] n. 青年, 家伙, 少年, 情人
- 牛津高阶:/læd/ [noun]
- lad n. 男孩;小伙子;家伙
- 英文替换:boy, young man, fellow
- 搭配:
- a young lad 年轻小伙子
- lads and lasses 小伙子和姑娘们
liable / liability
- liable(Collins: [PHR-MODAL] When something is liable to happen, it is very likely to happen. = *be likely to)
- 朗道:*[‘laiәbl] a. 有义务的, 应负责的, 有…倾向的 相关: be liable to, be liable for
- 牛津高阶:/ˈlaɪəbl/ [adj.]
- liability(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu sing] If you say that someone or something is a liability, you mean that they cause a lot of problems or embarrassment.)
- 朗道:*[laiә’biliti] n. 责任, 债务, 倾向
- 牛津高阶:/ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ [noun]
- liable adj. 有责任的;易于……的;可能的
- liability n. 责任,义务;债务;妨碍,累赘
- 区别:
- liable:形容词,“有责任的/易于的”
- liability:名词,“责任/债务/累赘”
- 搭配:
- be liable for sth 对某事负有责任
- be liable to do sth 易于/可能做某事
- assets and liabilities 资产与负债
- be a liability 成为累赘
- 相关:
- liabilities n. 负债(复数,会计术语)
- 易混点:同源词,liable(adj.) → liability(n.)。注意 liability 除了“责任”还有“债务/累赘”义,在商业语境中常指负债。与 7/19 记录的 reliability(可靠性)形近但义不同。
liberal
- liberal(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n] Someone who has liberal views believes people should have a lot of freedom in deciding how to behave and think.)
- 朗道:*[‘libәrәl] n. 自由主义者 相关: a. 慷慨的, 不拘泥的, 宽大的, 自由主义的, be liberal of
- 牛津高阶:/ˈlɪbərəl/ [adj.] ▶RESPECTING OTHER OPINIONS 尊重他人意见
- liberal adj. 自由的,开明的;慷慨的;文科的
- 搭配:
- liberal arts 文科,通识
- liberal education 通识教育
- liberal party 自由党
- liberal view 开明观点
- 相关:
- liberate v. 解放
- liberty n. 自由
- liberation n. 解放
- liberalism n. 自由主义
- 易混点:liberal(自由的/开明的)vs literal(字面的),形近义不同。
likely / perhaps
- likely(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: oft it v-link ADJ that] You use likely to indicate that something is probably the case or will probably happen in a particular situation. = *probable≠unlikely)
- 朗道:*[‘laikli] a. 有可能的, 合适的, 前途有望的 相关: ad. 或许, 可能, as likely as not, It is likely that
- 牛津高阶:[adj.]
- perhaps(Collins: [ADV: ADV with cl/group] You use perhaps to express uncertainty, for example, when you do not know that something is definitely true, or when you are mentioning something that may possibly happen in the future in the way you describe.)
- 朗道:*[pә’həps] ad. 也许, 大概
- 牛津高阶:[adv.]
- likely adj. 可能的 adv. 很可能(常作表语/定语;作副词时语气较肯定)
- perhaps adv. 也许,大概(纯副词,表不确定)
- 搭配:
- be likely to do 有可能做……
- It is likely that … 很可能……
- most/highly likely 极有可能
- perhaps not 或许不是
- 相关:
- likelihood n. 可能性
- unlikely adj. 不太可能的
- maybe / possibly / probably 或许/可能/很可能
- 区别:
- likely:可作 adj.,结构
be likely to
- perhaps:只能作 adv.,不说
*be perhaps to
- 易混点:He is likely to come. ✓ / He will perhaps come. ✓ / *He is perhaps to come. ✗
likewise
- likewise(Collins: [ADV: ADV with v, ADV with cl/group] You use likewise when you are comparing two methods, states, or situations and saying that they are similar. = *similarly)
- 朗道:*[‘laikiŋ] ad. 同样地, 也
- 牛津高阶:/ˈlaɪkwaɪz/ [adv.]
- likewise adv. 同样地;也;类似地
- 英文替换:also, similarly, in the same way
- 用法:
- The food was excellent, and likewise the service.
- “Nice to meet you.” “Likewise.”(我也是 / 彼此彼此)
loaf
- loaf(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft N of n] A loaf of bread is bread which has been shaped and baked in one piece. It is usually large enough for more than one person and can be cut into slices.)
- 朗道:*[lәuf] n. 一条面包, 块, 游荡 相关: vt. 游手好闲, 虚度光阴, vi. 游手好闲, 虚度光阴, on the loaf
- 牛津高阶:/ləʊf; NAmE loʊf/ [noun] (*pl.*loaves/ləʊvz; NAmE loʊvz/) an amount of bread that has been shaped and baked in one piece 一条(面包) :
- loaf n. 一条(面包)v. 游荡;虚度光阴
- 搭配:
- a loaf of bread 一条面包
- loaf around / about 游手好闲
- 易混点:复数形式为 loaves
loosen
- loosen(Collins: [VB] If someone loosens restrictions or laws, for example, they make them less strict or severe.)
- 朗道:*[lu:sn] vt. 放松, 松开, 解除 相关: vi. 变松, 松弛, loosen up
- 牛津高阶:/ˈlu:sn/ [verb]
- loosen v. 放松;松开;放宽
- 英文替换:make looser, relax, ease
- 搭配:
- loosen one’s grip / hold 松手;放松控制
- loosen regulations 放宽规定
- loosen up 放松(身体或情绪)
- 反义:tighten
- 易混点:loosen ≠ lose(lose 是“丢失”)
manipulate / stipulate
- manipulate(Collins: [VB] If you say that someone manipulates people, you disapprove of them because they skilfully force or persuade people to do what they want.)
- 朗道:*[mә’nipjuleit] vt. 操纵, 利用, 操作, 巧妙地处理, 假造
- 牛津高阶:/məˈnɪpjuleɪt/ [verb]
- stipulate(Collins: [VB] If you stipulate a condition or that something must be done, you say clearly that it must be done. = *specify)
- 朗道:*[‘stipjuleit] vt. 规定, 保证 相关: vi. 规定, 保证
- 牛津高阶:/ˈstɪpjuleɪt/ [verb] (formal) to state clearly and firmly that sth must be done, or how it must be done 规定;明确要求
- manipulate v. 操纵,操控;巧妙处理
- stipulate v. 规定,明确要求
- 搭配:
- manipulate public opinion 操纵舆论
- manipulate data 篡改/操控数据
- manipulate sb into doing sth 操纵某人做某事
- stipulate that 规定……
- as stipulated in the contract 如合同中所规定的
- stipulate conditions/terms 规定条件/条款
- 相关:
- manipulation n. 操纵,操控
- manipulative adj. 操纵性的,善于摆布他人的
- stipulation n. 规定,条款
- 易混点:manipulate → 操控(man- 手 → 用手操控);stipulate → 规定(正式用语,常与法律/合同搭配)
measurement
- measurement n. [U] 测量;度量(Collins: the process of measuring something)
- measurement n. [C, usually pl.] 测量结果;尺寸(Collins: a result, usually expressed in numbers)
- 朗道:n. 尺寸,度量,度量单位
- 牛津高阶:[U] the act or the process of finding the size, quantity or degree of sth 测量;度量;[C, usually pl.] the size, length etc. of sth 测量结果
- 常见搭配:
- take measurements 测量尺寸 / 数据
- accurate measurement 精确测量
- metric system of measurement 公制度量衡
- 相关:
- measure v. 测量;衡量 n. 措施;尺度
- measurable adj. 可测量的
memorial
- memorial(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu with supp] A memorial is a structure built in order to remind people of a famous person or event.)
- 朗道:*[mi’mɒ:riәl] n. 纪念物, 请愿书 相关: a. 记念的, 记忆的
- 牛津高阶:/məˈmɔ:riəl/ [adj.] created or done in order to remember sb who has died 纪念的;悼念的 :
- memorial n. 纪念碑;纪念物;纪念仪式
- memorial adj. 纪念的;追悼的
- 近义:monument, tribute, commemoration
- 相关:
- memory n. 记忆
- memorize v. 记住;背诵
- commemorate v. 纪念
militant / military
- militant(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] You use militant to describe people who believe in something very strongly and are active in trying to bring about political or social change, often in extreme ways.)
- 朗道:*[‘militənt] a. 好战的
- 牛津高阶:using, or willing to use, force or strong pressure to achieve your aims
- military(Collins: [ADJ] Military means relating to the armed forces of a country.)
- 朗道:*[‘militəri] a. 军事的, 军人的, 适于战争的
- 牛津高阶:connected with soldiers or the armed forces 军事的;军队的
- militant adj. 好战的;激进的 n. 好斗分子;激进分子
- military adj. 军事的;军队的;军用的 n. [the ~] 军队;军方
- 易混点:
- militant:形容态度、行为“好战的 / 激进的”。
- military:形容与“军队 / 军事”相关的事物。
- 搭配:
- militant group 激进组织
- military operation 军事行动
- military service 兵役
murmur against
- murmur against(murmur Collins: If you murmur something, you say it very quietly so that not many people can hear you.)
- 朗道:*[‘mə:mə] vt.; n.; vi. 低语, 低声的怨言;低声而言;低声说
- 牛津高阶:to say sth in a soft quiet voice 低语;喃喃自语
- murmur against 低声抱怨;私下发牢骚(against 后接抱怨对象)
- 搭配:
- murmur against the new policy 私下抱怨新政策
- murmur at/against sth 对……低声抱怨
- 易混点:murmur 中性义「低语/喃喃」与「抱怨」义并存,看介词搭配区分。
mutual
- mutual(Collins: [ADJ] You use mutual to describe a situation, feeling, or action that is experienced, felt, or done by both of two people.)
- 朗道:*[‘mju:tʃuəl] a. 相互的, 共有的
- 牛津高阶:used to describe feelings that two or more people have for each other 相互的;共同的
- mutual adj. 相互的;共同的;共有的
- 搭配:
- mutual friend/interest 共同的朋友/兴趣
- mutual benefit 互利
- the feeling is mutual 彼此都有同感
- 易混点:mutual 强调“双方共同拥有的”,a mutual friend 指“彼此都认识的朋友”,不是“互相的朋友”。
nasty
- nasty(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] Something that is nasty is very unpleasant to see, experience, or feel. = *horrible)
- 朗道:*[‘nɑ:sti] a. 污秽的, 下流的, 险恶的 相关: be nasty to sb
- 牛津高阶:/ˈnɑ:sti; NAmE ˈnæsti/ [adj.]
- nasty adj. 令人讨厌的;恶劣的;下流的;严重的
- 搭配:
- nasty weather 恶劣天气
- nasty habit 恶习
- nasty cut/fall 严重的伤口/摔伤
- turn nasty 变凶/变糟
- 相关:
- awful / horrible / disgusting 糟糕/可怕/恶心
- 易混点:nasty 口语色彩强;程度可从“讨厌”到“凶险”
necessity
- necessity(Collins: [N-COUNT] If you say that something is a necessity, you mean that it is absolutely necessary.)
- 朗道:*[ni’sesəti] n. 需要, 必需品, 必然;【法】必要性, 必然性
- 牛津高阶:IDIOM necessity is the mother of invention 需要是发明之母
- necessity n. 必要性;必需品;必然
- 易混点:与 necessary(adj.)同为词根 germane;necessity 是名词“必要性/必需品”。
- 搭配:
- out of necessity 出于必要
- the necessity of doing sth 做某事的必要性
- a basic necessity 基本必需品
negative / pessimistic / optimistic / positive
- negative adj. 消极的;否定的;负面的;有害的(Collins: unpleasant, depressing, or harmful ≠ positive)
- pessimistic adj. 悲观的;悲观主义的(Collins: thinks that bad things are going to happen ≠ optimistic)
- optimistic adj. 乐观的;抱乐观看法的(Collins: hopeful about the future or the success of something = confident ≠ pessimistic)
- positive adj. 积极的;乐观的;自信的;肯定的(Collins: hopeful and confident, think of the good aspects = optimistic ≠ negative)
- 朗道:negative a. 肯定的,积极的(注:朗道此条释义有误,应以英英为准);pessimistic a. 悲观的,厌世的;optimistic a. 乐观的,乐观主义的;positive a. 肯定的,积极的
- 牛津高阶:negative — bad or harmful 坏的;有害的;pessimistic — expecting bad things to happen 悲观的;optimistic — expecting good things to happen = positive 乐观的;positive — feeling confident and sure that sth good will happen 积极乐观的;自信的
- 反义:
- negative ↔ positive
- pessimistic ↔ optimistic
- 易错拼写:negative(不是 negetive)
nicotine / cigarette / cigar / tobacco
- nicotine n. [U] 尼古丁;烟碱(Collins: the substance in tobacco that people can become addicted to)
- cigarette n. [C] 香烟;纸烟(Collins: small tubes of paper containing tobacco which people smoke)
- cigar n. [C] 雪茄(Collins: rolls of dried tobacco leaves which people smoke)
- tobacco n. [U, C] 烟草;烟叶(Collins: dried leaves which people smoke in pipes, cigars, and cigarettes)
- 朗道:nicotine n. 烟碱,尼古丁;cigarette n. 香烟,纸烟;cigar n. 雪茄;tobacco n. 烟草,香烟
- 牛津高阶:nicotine — a poisonous substance in tobacco that people become addicted to 尼古丁;烟碱;cigarette — a thin tube of paper filled with tobacco 香烟;cigar — a roll of dried tobacco leaves, like a cigarette but bigger and without paper 雪茄烟;tobacco — the dried leaves of the tobacco plant 烟叶;烟草
- 易错点:
- cigarette 是“香烟”(纸卷),不是“雪茄”。
- cigar 才是“雪茄”(烟叶卷,无纸)。
- tobacco 是“烟草 / 烟叶”,统称原料。
objection / obligation
- objection(Collins: [N-VAR] If you make or raise an objection to something, you say that you do not like it or agree with it. ≠ *approval)
- 朗道:*[әb’dʒekʃәn] n. 异议, 反对, 不喜欢, 缺点, 缺陷, 妨碍, 拒绝之理由
- 牛津高阶:/əbˈdʒekʃn/ [noun]
- obligation(Collins: [N-VAR: usu N to-inf] If you have an obligation to do something, it is your duty to do that thing. = *duty)
- 朗道:*[,ɒbli’geiʃәn] n. 义务, 责任, 约束, 契约, 恩惠, 债务 相关: lay an obligation on sb
- 牛津高阶:/ˌɒblɪˈgeɪʃn; NAmE ˌɑ:b-/ [noun]
- objection n. 反对;异议
- obligation n. 义务;责任;债务
- 搭配:
- raise/have an objection to 对……提出/有异议
- no objection 不反对
- under an obligation to do 有义务做……
- moral/legal obligation 道德/法律义务
- meet one’s obligations 履行义务
- 相关:
- object v. 反对(object to) n. 物体;宾语;目标
- objective adj. 客观的 n. 目标
- oblige v. 迫使;施恩于
- obligatory adj. 必须的,义务的
- 易混点:objection(反对)vs obligation(义务);object to doing / under obligation to do
oppress
- oppress(Collins: [VB] To oppress people means to treat them cruelly or unfairly.)■ SYN weigh down
- 朗道:*[ə’pres] vt. 压迫, 压抑, 使烦恼
- 牛津高阶:to treat sb in a cruel and unfair way, especially by not giving them the same freedom 压迫;压制
- oppress v. 压迫;压制;使压抑
- 派生:oppression n. 压迫;oppressed adj. 受压迫的
- 搭配:oppress the people 压迫人民;an oppressed minority 受压迫的少数群体
oral / verbal
- oral(Collins: [ADJ] Oral communication is spoken rather than written.)
- 朗道:*[‘ɒ:rəl] a. 口头的, 口述的, 口部的
- 牛津高阶:spoken rather than written 口头的
- verbal(Collins: [ADJ] You use verbal to indicate that something is expressed in speech or in words.)
- 朗道:*[‘və:bl] a. 用言辞的, 言语的, 口头的, 动词的
- 牛津高阶:relating to words 文字的;言语的
- oral adj. 口头的;口的;口述的
- verbal adj. 言语的;口头的;动词的
- 区别:
- oral:侧重“口头的”(与 written 相对),也可指“口部的”。
- verbal:侧重“用言辞的”(与非语言相对),也可指“动词的”。
- 搭配:
- oral English 英语口语
- oral exam 口试
- verbal agreement 口头协议
- verbal skills 语言能力
outline / outlook
- outline(Collins: [VB] If you outline an idea or a plan, you explain it in a general way. = *sketch out)
- 朗道:*[‘autlain] n. 大纲, 轮廓, 概要 相关: vt. 描画轮廓, 描述要点, n. 大纲, 分级, 轮廓
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- outlook(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu sing, with supp, also in N] Your outlook is your general attitude towards life. = *perspective)
- 朗道:*[‘autluk] n. 观点, 景色, 前途, 了望
- 牛津高阶:/ˈaʊtlʊk/ [noun]
- outline n. 轮廓;大纲;概要 v. 概述;画轮廓
- outlook n. 展望;前景;观点
- 区别:
- outline:侧重“轮廓、框架、大纲”,强调事物的外形或概要。
- outlook:侧重“前景、展望、观点”,强调对未来的预期或看法。
- 搭配:
- outline of a plan 计划大纲
- in outline 概括地
- economic outlook 经济前景
- positive / negative outlook 乐观/悲观的展望
outward
- outward(Collins: [ADJ: ADJ n] An outward journey is a journey that you make away from a place that you are intending to return to later. ≠ *return)
- 朗道:*[‘autwәd] a. 向外的, 表面的, 外服的 相关: ad. 向外, 在外, 表面
- 牛津高阶:/ˈaʊtwəd; NAmE -wərd/ [adj.]
- outward adj. 向外的;外表的 adv. 向外
- 搭配:
- outward appearance 外表
- outward journey 去程
- outward signs 外在迹象
- look outward 向外看
- 相关:
- outwards adv. 向外(BrE 常用)
- inward / inwards 向内的/向内地
- outwardly adv. 表面上
- 易混点:outward 强调方向/外表;不要与 awkward(尴尬的)混拼
oval
- oval(Collins: [ADJ: usu ADJ n] +oval ovals [N-COUNT: usu sing])
- 朗道:*[‘әuvәl] n. 椭圆形 相关: a. 卵形的, 椭圆形的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈəʊvl; NAmE ˈoʊvl/ [adj.] shaped like an egg 椭圆形的;卵形的 :
- oval n. 椭圆形 adj. 椭圆的
- 搭配:
- oval face 鹅蛋脸
- Oval Office(美国总统)椭圆形办公室
overlap
- overlap(Collins: [V-RECIP-ERG] If one thing overlaps another, or if you overlap them, a part of the first thing occupies the same area as a part of the other thing. You can also say that two things overlap.)
- 朗道:*[,әuvә’ləp] n. 重叠, 重复, 部分的同时发生 相关: vt. 重叠, 重复, 与…同时发生, vi. 迭盖, 部分的同时发生
- 牛津高阶:/ˈəʊvəlæp; NAmE ˈoʊvərlæp/
- overlap v. 重叠;部分相同 n. 重叠部分
- 搭配:
- overlap with 与……重叠
- the two topics overlap 两个主题有交叉
- a significant overlap 显著重叠
- 相关:
- overlapping adj. 重叠的
- lap n. 膝部;一圈
- 易混点:over-lap;名词重音可在前,动词常在后(考试重义不重音)
overlook / neglect
- overlook(Collins: [VB] If a building or window overlooks a place, you can see the place clearly from the building or window. = *look over)
- 朗道:*[,әuvә’luk] vt. 俯瞰, 远眺, 没注意到 相关: n. 眺望, 俯瞰到的景色
- 牛津高阶:/ˌəʊvəˈlʊk; NAmE ˌoʊvərˈlʊk/ [verb]
- neglect(Collins: [VB] If you neglect someone or something, you fail to look after them properly.)
- 朗道:*[ni’glekt] n. 疏忽, 忽略, 漏做 相关: vt. 疏忽, 忽视, 不顾, treat sb with neglect
- 牛津高阶:/nɪˈglekt/ [noun]
- overlook v. 忽略,未注意到;俯瞰;宽容
- neglect v. 疏忽,忽视 n. 疏忽
- 搭配:
- overlook a mistake 忽略一个错误
- overlook the valley 俯瞰山谷
- overlook sb’s fault 宽恕某人过失
- neglect one’s duty 玩忽职守
- neglect to do 疏忽未做……
- in a state of neglect 疏于照管
- 相关:
- oversight n. 疏忽;监管
- negligence n. 疏忽(法律用语更常见)
- negligent adj. 疏忽的
- ignore v. 故意不理
- 区别:
- overlook:常指“没看见/看漏了”,也可“俯瞰/原谅”
- neglect:常指“该管不管、该做不做”(带责任色彩)
- ignore:明知却故意不理会
- 易混点:overlook 有“俯瞰”义;neglect 名词可用,overlook 名词少用
partial
- partial(Collins: [ADJ: usu ADJ n] You use partial to refer to something that is not complete or whole.)
- 朗道:*[‘pɑ:ʃәl] a. 部分的, 偏袒的, 偏爱的 相关: n. 分音, be partial to
- 牛津高阶:/ˈpɑ:ʃl; NAmE ˈpɑ:rʃl/ [adj.]
- partial adj. 部分的;不完全的;偏袒的;偏爱的
- be partial to 偏爱;喜欢
- 反义:complete, total; impartial(公正的)
- 相关:
- partially adv. 部分地
- impartial adj. 公正的;不偏不倚的
pinch
- pinch(Collins: [VB] If you pinch a part of someone’s body, you take a piece of their skin between your thumb and first finger and give it a short squeeze.)
- 朗道:*[pintʃ] n. 捏, 拧, 撮, 少量, 收缩, 挤压, 夹痛, 苦恼, 逮捕, 指控, 匮乏, 紧急关头 相关: vt. 捏, 拧, 掐, 挤压, 修剪, 使困苦, 使萎缩, 节制, 少量加入, 逮捕, 勒索, vi. 收缩, 节省, 挤压, 引起苦恼, feel the pinch
- 牛津高阶:/pɪntʃ/ [noun] ▶WITH THUMB AND FINGER 用拇指和手指
- pinch v. 捏;掐;夹痛 n. 捏;少量;紧缺
- 搭配:
- pinch sb’s arm 捏某人的胳膊
- at a pinch 必要时;紧急时
- feel the pinch 感到手头拮据
- a pinch of salt 一小撮盐
plea / plead
- plea(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft N for n, N to-inf] A plea is an appeal or request for something, made in an intense or emotional way. (JOURNALISM) = *appeal)
- 朗道:*[pli:] n. 恳求, 辩解, 抗辩, 诉讼, 请愿, 托词
- 牛津高阶:/pli:/ [noun]
- plead(Collins: [VB] If you plead with someone to do something, you ask them in an intense, emotional way to do it. = *beg)
- 朗道:*[pli:d] vi. 辩护, 恳求 相关: vt. 为…辩护, 提出…借口, 托称, 恳求, plead against sb, plead with sb for
- 牛津高阶:/pli:d/ [verb]
- plea n. 请求;恳求;(法庭上被告的)答辩,供认
- plead v. 恳求,乞求;为……辩护;提出答辩(guilty/not guilty)
- 区别:
- plea 是名词,指“请求”或“(被告的)答辩”
- plead 是动词,指“恳求/辩护/答辩”
- 搭配:
- make a plea / enter a plea 提出答辩
- plea of guilty 认罪答辩
- plea of not guilty 否认指控
- plead guilty / plead not guilty 认罪 / 否认
- plead with sb 向某人恳求
- 相关:
- pleading n. 恳求;(诉讼)答辩状
- plead 还有“辩解”义:plead ignorance 假装无知
- 易混点:名词 plea vs 动词 plead;法庭语境下 plead 接 guilty/not guilty,而 plea 是被告“作出的答辩”。
pledge
- pledge(Collins: When someone makes a pledge, they make a serious promise that they will do something.)
- 朗道:*[pledʒ] n.; vt. 诺言, 保证, 誓言, 抵押, 信物;许诺, 保证, 使发誓, 抵押, 典当
- 牛津高阶:a serious promise 保证;诺言;誓约 ■ SYN commitment;IDIOM sign/take the pledge 立誓戒酒
- pledge n. 誓言;保证;抵押品;v. 发誓;保证;抵押
- 搭配:
- make a pledge to do sth 发誓做某事
- pledge to support sb 承诺支持某人
- be in pledge 被抵押
policy / strategy
- policy(Collins: [N-VAR] A policy is a set of ideas or plans that is used as a basis for making decisions, especially in politics, economics, or business.)
- 朗道:*[‘pɒlisi] n. 政策, 方针, 策略, 保险单
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- strategy(Collins: [N-VAR] A strategy is a general plan or set of plans intended to achieve something, especially over a long period. = *policy)
- 朗道:*[‘strətidʒi] n. 战略, 策略
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- policy n. 政策;方针;保险单
- strategy n. 战略;策略
- 搭配:
- foreign/economic policy 外交/经济政策
- company policy 公司规定
- insurance policy 保险单
- long-term strategy 长期战略
- marketing strategy 营销策略
- strategy for success 成功策略
- 相关:
- politics n. 政治
- political adj. 政治的
- strategic adj. 战略的
- tactics n. 战术(比 strategy 更具体)
- 区别:
- policy:原则性规定/官方方针(what we stand by)
- strategy:为实现目标而设计的整体打法(how we win)
- 易混点:policy 可指“保单”;strategy ≠ tactics(战术更细)
portion
- portion(Collins: [N-COUNT: N of n] A portion of something is a part of it. = *part)
- 朗道:*[‘pɒ:ʃәn] n. 部分, 一份, 命运, 嫁妆 相关: vt. 分配, 给…嫁妆, portion sth out
- 牛津高阶:/ˈpɔ:ʃn; NAmE ˈpɔ:rʃn/ [noun]
- portion n. 一部分;一份(食物) v. 分配
- 搭配:
- a portion of 一部分……
- large/small portion 大/小份
- portion out 分配
- 相关:
- part / section / segment / fraction 部分
- proportion n. 比例(易混)
- 易混点:portion 是“一份/一部分”;proportion 是“比例”。a portion of the profits vs the proportion of A to B
precede
- precede(Collins: [VB] If one event or period of time precedes another, it happens before it. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[,pri:‘si:d] vt. 在…之前, 优于, 较…优先 相关: vi. 在前面
- 牛津高阶:/prɪˈsi:d/ [verb]
- precede v. 先于……发生,走在……之前
- 搭配:
- precede sth 先于某事发生
- be preceded by 由……引领/在前
- 相关:
- preceding adj. 前面的,在先的
- precedent n. 先例,前例
- proceed v. 继续进行(易混)
- 易混点:precede(先于)vs proceed(继续进行),形近义不同;过去式均为 preceded。
preface
- preface(Collins: [N-COUNT] A preface is an introduction at the beginning of a book, which explains what the book is about or why it was written. = *foreword, introduction)
- 朗道:*[‘prefis] n. 序, 绪言, 前言 相关: vi. 作序, 写前言, vt. 给…作序, 以…开始
- 牛津高阶:/ˈprefəs/ [noun] an introduction to a book, especially one that explains the author’s aims (书的)前言,序言
- preface n. 序言,前言 v. 作为……的开端;为……写序
- 搭配:
- in the preface to the book 在该书序言中
- preface sth with/by … 以……作为开场
- 相关:
- foreword n. 前言(常由他人撰写)
- introduction n. 引言,介绍
- prologue n. 序幕;(文学)序章
- 易混点:preface 在正文前;prefix 是词的“前缀”
preliminary
- preliminary(Collins: [ADJ: usu ADJ n] A preliminary is something that you do at the beginning of an activity, often as a form of preparation.)
- 朗道:*[pri’liminәri] n. 初步做法, 初步措施, 预试, 预选赛 相关: a. 初步的, 开始的, 预备的
- 牛津高阶:/prɪˈlɪmɪnəri; NAmE -neri/ [adj.]
- preliminary adj. 初步的,预备的 n. 初步措施;(比赛)预赛
- ⚠️ 用户拼写
prelimitary 为误写,正确为 preliminary(没有 tary 中间的 t 错位;词根 limin ≈ threshold 门槛)
- 搭配:
- preliminary study/report 初步研究/报告
- preliminary round 预赛
- without preliminaries 开门见山
- 相关:
- prelude n. 前奏
- prepare v. 准备
- 易混点:pre-limin-ary;勿写成 prelimitary / preminilary
premise / promise
- premise(Collins: [N-PLURAL: oft on the N] The premises of a business or an institution are all the buildings and land that it occupies in one place.)
- 朗道:*[‘premis] n. 前提, 房屋连地基, 上述各项 相关: vt. 预先提出, 引出, 作为…的前提, vi. 作出前提
- 牛津高阶:/ˈpremɪs/ [noun] (formal) a statement or an idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of argument 前提;假定 :
- promise(Collins: [VB] If you promise that you will do something, you say to someone that you will definitely do it.)
- 朗道:*[‘prɒmis] n. 诺言, 约定的事情, 有指望 相关: vt. 允诺, 约定, 预示, vi. 允诺, 有前途, 有指望, break a promise
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- premise n. 前提;(pl.)经营场所
- promise n. 承诺 v. 许诺;有希望
- 搭配:
- on the premise that … 在……前提下
- major/minor premise 大/小前提
- business premises 营业场所
- keep/break a promise 信守/违背承诺
- promise to do 承诺做……
- show promise 有前途
- 相关:
- promising adj. 有前途的
- premised on 以……为前提
- 易混点:premise(前提/场所)vs promise(承诺);premises 复数常指“场地”
premium
- premium(Collins: [N-COUNT] A premium is a sum of money that you pay regularly to an insurance company for an insurance policy.)
- 朗道:*[‘pri:miәm] n. 额外补贴, 奖金, 奖赏, 保险费 相关: at a premium, put a premium on
- 牛津高阶:/ˈpri:miəm/ [adj.] very high (and higher than usual); of high quality 高昂的;优质的 :
- premium n. 保险费;溢价;奖品;额外费用 adj. 优质的,高端的
- 搭配:
- insurance premium 保险费
- at a premium 奇缺的;溢价的
- put/place a premium on 重视……
- premium brand/product 高端品牌/产品
- pay a premium for 为……支付溢价
- 相关:
- prize n. 奖品(勿与 premium 的“奖励”义完全等同)
- 易混点:考研高频:at a premium;put a premium on quality
principle / principal
- principle(Collins: [N-VAR: usu poss N, adj N, prep N] A principle is a general belief that you have about the way you should behave, which influences your behaviour.)
- 朗道:*[‘prinsipl] n. 原则, 原理, 主义 相关: in principle, on principle
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- principal(Collins: [ADJ: ADJ n] = *main)
- 朗道:*[‘prinsipәl] n. 校长, 首长, 本金, 主犯, 资本, 委托人 相关: a. 主要的, 最重要的, 首要的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈprɪnsəpl/ [adj.] most important; main 最重要的;主要的 :
- principle n. 原则,原理;信念,准则
- principal adj. 主要的,首要的 n. 校长;本金
- 区别:
- principle(-ple 结尾):原则/原理
- principal(-pal 结尾):主要的/校长/本金
- 搭配:
- in principle 原则上
- moral principle 道德原则
- violate a principle 违背原则
- principal reason 主要原因
- principal of a school 学校校长
- principal + interest 本金加利息
- 相关:
- 易混点:经典易混对。记忆法:principle = rule(规则/原则);principal = pal(搭档,校长是你的 pal)。
psychiatry
- psychiatry(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT] ---)
- 朗道:*[sai’kaiәtri] n. 精神病学, 精神病治疗
- 牛津高阶:/saɪˈkaɪətri/ [noun] the study and treatment of mental illness 精神病学;精神病治疗
- psychiatry n. 精神病学,精神治疗
- 搭配:
- clinical psychiatry 临床精神病学
- practice psychiatry 从事精神科
- 相关:
- psychiatric adj. 精神病的,精神科的
- psychiatrist n. 精神科医生
- 易混点:psychiatry(精神病学)vs psychology(心理学),前者偏医学/药物治疗,后者偏行为/认知研究。
rational / reasonable
- rational(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n] →rationally [ADV-GRADED: usu ADV with v] ≠ *irrational)
- 朗道:*[‘rəʃәnl] a. 理性的, 合理的 相关: n. 有理数
- 牛津高阶:/ˈræʃnəl/ [adj.]
- reasonable(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If you think that someone is fair and sensible you can say that they are reasonable. ≠ *unreasonable)
- 朗道:*[‘ri:znәbl] a. 合理的, 明理的, 适当的
- 牛津高阶:[adj.]
- rational adj. 理性的;合理的(强调合乎逻辑、可推理)
- reasonable adj. 合理的;公道的;通情达理的(强调公平、可接受、不过分)
- 搭配:
- rational analysis/decision 理性分析/决策
- rational being 理性生物
- reasonable price 公道的价格
- reasonable request 合理请求
- within a reasonable time 在合理时间内
- 相关:
- rationale n. 根本原因,理论依据
- rationality n. 理性
- irrational adj. 非理性的
- reason n. 理由 v. 推理
- 区别:
- rational:偏逻辑/思维层面(科学、哲学语境更常见)
- reasonable:偏日常判断(价格公道、要求不过分)
- 易混点:rational 不等于 always reasonable;rational 强调“有理据”,reasonable 强调“合情合理/可接受”
recommend / commend
- recommend(Collins: [VB] If someone recommends a person or thing to you, they suggest that you would find that person or thing good or useful.)
- 朗道:*[,rekә’mend] vt. 推荐, 介绍, 劝告, 使受欢迎, 托付 相关: recommend sb as
- 牛津高阶:/sth (to sb) (for/ [verb]
- commend(Collins: [VB] If you commend someone or something, you praise them formally. (FORMAL))
- 朗道:*[kә’mend] vt. 嘉奖, 委托给, 推荐 相关: Commend me to, commend sth to sb’s care, commend itself to sb
- 牛津高阶:/kəˈmend/ [verb]
- recommend v. 推荐;建议
- commend v. 表扬,称赞;推荐
- 区别:
- recommend:侧重“推荐(认为好而介绍)”,也指“建议”
- commend:侧重“表扬、称赞”,也有“推荐”义但更正式
- 搭配:
- recommend sb sth / recommend sth to sb 向某人推荐某物
- recommend doing sth 建议做某事
- commend sb for sth 因某事表扬某人
- commend sth to sb 向某人推荐某物
- 相关:
- recommendation n. 推荐;建议
- commendation n. 表扬;奖状
- 易混点:两者都含“推荐”义,但 commend 另有“表扬”义,recommend 另有“建议”义。形近:re-commend vs commend。
rectangle
- rectangle(Collins: [N-COUNT] A rectangle is a four-sided shape whose corners are all ninety degree angles. Each side of a rectangle is the same length as the one opposite to it.)
- 朗道:*[‘rektəŋgl] n. 长方形, 矩形
- 牛津高阶:/ˈrektæŋgl/ [noun] a flat shape with four straight sides, two of which are longer than the other two, and four angles of 90° 长方形;矩形
- rectangle n. 长方形;矩形
- 搭配:
- 相关:
- rectangular adj. 长方形的;矩形的
rejoice
- rejoice(Collins: [VB] If you rejoice, you are very pleased about something and you show it in your behaviour.)
- 朗道:*[ri’dʒɒis] vt. 使欢喜 相关: vi. 欣喜, 高兴, 庆祝, rejoice sb’s heart
- 牛津高阶:/rɪˈdʒɔɪs/ [verb]
- rejoice v. 欣喜,高兴(较正式/书面)
- 搭配:
- rejoice at/in/over 为……感到高兴
- rejoice to hear that … 高兴地得知……
- 相关:
- joy n. 欢乐
- joyful / joyous adj. 快乐的
- 易混点:用户写的
joice 不是单词;正确为 rejoice(re- + joy 相关)。勿与 juice(果汁)混
relevant / relative / relate
- relevant(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] Something that is relevant to a situation or person is important or significant in that situation or to that person. = *pertinent≠irrelevant)
- 朗道:*[‘relivәnt] a. 有关联的, 有关系的, 适当的, 相应的 相关: be relevant to
- 牛津高阶:[adj.]
- relative(Collins: [N-COUNT] Your relatives are the members of your family. = *relation)
- 朗道:*[‘relәtiv] n. 亲戚, 关系词 相关: a. 有关系的, 相对的, 比较的, be relative to
- 牛津高阶:[adj.]
- relate(Collins: [VB] If something relates to a particular subject, it concerns that subject.)
- 朗道:*[ri’leit] vt. 讲, 叙述, 使互相关联 相关: vi. 有关, 符合, 相处得好, relate sth to sth, relate with the facts
- 牛津高阶:[verb]
- relevant adj. 相关的,切题的
- relative adj. 相对的 n. 亲戚
- relate v. 使有关联;讲述;相处
- 搭配:
- relevant to 与……相关
- relevant experience 相关经验
- relative to 相对于……
- relative humidity 相对湿度
- close relative 近亲
- relate to 与……有关;理解并产生共鸣
- relate A to/with B 把 A 与 B 联系起来
- relate a story 讲述故事
- 相关:
- relevance / relevancy n. 相关性
- relatively adv. 相对地
- relation / relationship n. 关系
- related adj. 有关的
- 区别:
- relevant:信息/材料是否“对题、有用”
- relative:相对的;或“亲戚”
- relate:动词——关联/讲述
- 易混点:be relevant to ≠ be relative to;relative 作“亲戚”极常见
reliability / liability
- reliability
- 朗道:*[ri,laiә’biliti] n. 信度, 可靠性
- 牛津高阶:/rɪˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ [noun]
- liability(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu sing] If you say that someone or something is a liability, you mean that they cause a lot of problems or embarrassment.)
- 朗道:*[laiә’biliti] n. 责任, 债务, 倾向
- 牛津高阶:/ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ [noun]
- reliability n. 可靠性,可信度
- liability n. 责任,义务;债务;妨碍
- 区别:
- reliability:可靠性(来自 reliable)
- liability:责任 / 债务 / 累赘(来自 liable)
- 搭配:
- reliability of data 数据的可靠性
- high / low reliability 高 / 低可靠性
- liability for sth 对……的责任
- assets and liabilities 资产与负债
- be a liability 成为累赘
- 相关:
- reliable adj. 可靠的
- liable adj. 有责任的;易于……的(liable to do)
- reliance n. 依赖
- 易混点:两词均以 -lity 结尾,但来源不同(reliable vs liable),含义完全不同。
rhythm
- rhythm(Collins: [N-VAR] A rhythm is a regular series of sounds or movements.)
- 朗道:*[‘riəәm] n. 旋律, 节奏, 韵律, 匀称, 张弛节律
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- rhythm n. 节奏;韵律;规律
- 搭配:
- rhythm of life 生活节奏
- sense of rhythm 节奏感
- natural rhythm 自然规律
scout around/about
- scout around/about(scout Collins: As a verb, if you scout somewhere for something, you search for it.)
- 朗道:*[skaut] vt.; n.; vi. 守候, 侦察, 搜索, 侦察员;侦察, 巡视
- 牛津高阶:to search for sth 搜寻;侦察
- scout around/about 四处搜寻;到处寻找
- 搭配:
- scout around for a good restaurant 四处找好餐馆
- scout about for opportunities 到处寻找机会
- 易混点:scout 兼名词「侦察员;童子军」,注意词性转换。
scramble for
- scramble for(scramble Collins: If you scramble something such as eggs… / If you scramble over rocks or up a hill, you move quickly…)
- 朗道:*[‘skræmbl] vt.; n.; vi. 攀缘, 爬行, 抢夺, 混乱, 紧急起飞;争夺, 拼凑, 匆忙
- 牛津高阶:to push, fight or compete with others to get sth 争抢;争夺
- scramble for 争夺;争抢
- 搭配:
- scramble for power 争权夺利
- scramble for seats 抢座位
- scramble to do sth 争先恐后做某事
sensible / sensitive / sensation
- sensible(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: oft it v-link ADJ to-inf] →sensibly [ADV-GRADED])
- 朗道:*[‘sensәbl] a. 有感觉的, 敏感的, 明智的
- 牛津高阶:[adj.]
- sensitive(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: oft ADJ to n] If you are sensitive to other people’s needs, problems, or feelings, you show understanding and awareness of them.)
- 朗道:*[‘sensitiv] a. 敏感的, 易感的, 灵敏的, 感光的 相关: be sensitive to
- 牛津高阶:[adj.] ▶TO PEOPLE’S FEELINGS 对他人的感情
- sensation(Collins: [N-COUNT: with supp] A sensation is a physical feeling. = *feeling)
- 朗道:*[sen’seiʃәn] n. 感觉, 轰动
- 牛津高阶:/senˈseɪʃn/ [noun]
- sensible adj. 明智的;合理的;通情达理的
- sensitive adj. 敏感的;灵敏的;易受影响的;体贴的
- sensation n. 感觉;知觉;轰动
- 区别:
- sensible:人“明智的 / 通情达理的”,决定/做法“合理的”。
- sensitive:对情感、光线、温度等“敏感的”,也可指人“体贴的”。
- sensation:身体的“感觉 / 知觉”,或引起“轰动的人/事”。
- 易混点:sensible ≠ sensitive,前者是“理智 / 合理”,后者是“敏感 / 体贴”。
- 相关:
- sensational adj. 轰动的;耸人听闻的
- sensibility n. 感受力;敏感性
- insensible adj. 无感觉的;不知道的
- sensitive to 对……敏感
- sensible of 意识到……
serial / series
- serial(Collins: [N-COUNT] A serial is a story which is broadcast on television or radio or is published in a magazine or newspaper in a number of parts over a period of time.)
- 朗道:*[‘siәriәl] n. 分期连载作品, 连载小说 相关: a. 连续的, 一连串的, 连载的, 分期偿还的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈsɪəriəl; NAmE ˈsɪr-/ [adj.]
- series(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu sing: oft N of n] A series of things or events is a number of them that come one after the other. = *succession)
- 朗道:*[‘siәri:z] n. 串联, 序列, 连续, 系列, 丛书, 套, 级数, 组 相关: in series, a series of, in series with
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- serial adj. 连续的;连载的 n. 连续剧;连载小说
- series n. 系列;连续(单复数同形)
- 区别:
- serial:作形容词强调“按顺序连续的”;作名词指连载作品。
- series:作名词指“一系列”,单复数同形(a series / two series)。
- 搭配:
- serial number 序列号
- a television series 电视连续剧
- a series of events 一系列事件
serial / series / sequence
- serial(Collins: [N-COUNT] A serial is a story which is broadcast on television or radio or is published in a magazine or newspaper in a number of parts over a period of time.)
- 朗道:*[‘siәriәl] n. 分期连载作品, 连载小说 相关: a. 连续的, 一连串的, 连载的, 分期偿还的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈsɪəriəl; NAmE ˈsɪr-/ [adj.]
- series(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu sing: oft N of n] A series of things or events is a number of them that come one after the other. = *succession)
- 朗道:*[‘siәri:z] n. 串联, 序列, 连续, 系列, 丛书, 套, 级数, 组 相关: in series, a series of, in series with
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- sequence(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft N of n] A sequence of events or things is a number of events or things that come one after another in a particular order. = *series)
- 朗道:*[‘si:kwәns] n. 序列, 续发事件, 顺序, 连续 相关: vt. 按顺序排好
- 牛津高阶:/ˈsi:kwəns/ [noun]
- serial adj. 连续的;连载的 n. 连续剧;连载小说
- series n. 系列;连续(单复数同形)
- sequence n. 顺序;一连串;序列 v. 按顺序排列
- 区别:
- serial:强调“按顺序连续发生的”,可作形容词或名词。
- series:名词,指“一系列”,单复数同形(a series / two series)。
- sequence:名词,强调“特定顺序”,也可作动词“排序”。
- 搭配:
- serial number 序列号
- a television series 电视连续剧
- a series of events 一系列事件
- in sequence 按顺序
- the sequence of events 事件的先后顺序
- 易混点:series 和 sequence 都是名词“系列”,但 sequence 更强调“有特定顺序”;series 泛指“一组 / 一连串”。
shade / shadow
- shade(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft N of n, in N] A shade of a particular colour is one of its different forms. For example, emerald green and olive green are shades of green.)
- 朗道:*[ʃeid] n. 荫, 阴暗, 遮光物, 灯罩, 帘, 浓淡, 微量, 底纹 相关: vi. 渐变, vt. 使阴暗, 使渐变, 遮蔽, 微减
- 牛津高阶:[noun] ▶OUT OF SUN 背阴
- shadow(Collins: [N-COUNT] A shadow is a dark shape on a surface that is made when something stands between a light and the surface.)
- 朗道:*[‘ʃədәu] n. 阴影, 荫, 影子, 影像, 阴暗, 幽灵, 少许, 隐蔽处, 庇护 相关: vt. 遮蔽, 使朦胧, 预示, 尾随, vi. 渐变, 变阴暗, under the shadow of
- 牛津高阶:[adj.] (BrE) (politics 政) used to refer to senior politicians of the main opposition party who would become government ministers if their party won the next election 影子内阁的 :
- shade n. 阴凉处;色度;细微差别 v. 遮蔽;渐变
- shadow n. 影子;阴影;阴暗处 v. 跟踪;笼罩
- 区别:
- shade:强调“挡住阳光形成的阴凉”或“颜色深浅”。
- shadow:强调物体挡光投下的“影子”。
- 搭配:in the shade 在阴凉处;cast a shadow 投下影子;a shade of meaning 细微语义差别
shove
- shove(Collins: If you shove someone or something, you push them with a quick, violent movement.)
- 朗道:*[ʃʌv] vt.; n.; vi. 推, 挤;猛推, 强使;推
- 牛津高阶:a strong push 猛推
- shove v. 猛推;挤;乱塞;n. 猛推
- 搭配:
- shove sth aside 把……推到一边
- shove sb around 支使/欺压某人
- push and shove 推推搡搡
signify
- signify(Collins: [VB] If an event, a sign, or a symbol signifies something, it is a sign of that thing or represents that thing.)
- 朗道:*[‘signifai] vt. 象征, 预示 相关: vi. 要紧, 重要
- 牛津高阶:/ˈsɪgnɪfaɪ/ [verb]
- signify v. 表示,意味;要紧,有重要性
- 搭配:
- signify sth 表示/意味着某事
- signify little / much 关系不大 / 关系很大
- 相关:
- significance n. 重要性;意义
- significant adj. 重要的;显著的
- signification n. 意义,含义
- 易混点:signify 侧重“意味/表示”,而 signal 侧重“发出信号”,两者形近义不同。
simply / merely
- simply(Collins: [ADV: ADV before v, ADV with cl/group] You use simply to emphasize that something consists of only one thing, happens for only one reason, or is done in only one way. = *just)
- 朗道:*[‘simpli] ad. 简单地, 只是, 简直, 简朴地, 坦白地
- 牛津高阶:[adv.]
- merely(Collins: [ADV: ADV with cl/group, ADV before v] You use merely to emphasize that something is only what you say and not better, more important, or more exciting. = *just, simply)
- 朗道:*[‘miәli] ad. 只
- 牛津高阶:[adv.] used meaning ‘only’ or ‘simply’ to emphasize a fact or sth that you are saying 仅仅;只不过 :
- simply adv. 简单地;仅仅;简直
- merely adv. 仅仅;只不过
- 区别:
- simply:可指方式“简单地”,也可加强语气“简直 / 完全”。
- merely:更强调“只不过,仅仅”,语气更限制。
- 英文替换:
- simply ≈ only, just; in a simple way
- merely ≈ only, just, nothing more than
slack
- slack(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] Something that is slack is loose and not firmly stretched or tightly in position. = *quiet)
- 朗道:*[slək] n. 松弛, 松懈, 淡季, 闲散, 家常裤 相关: a. 松弛的, 不流畅的, 疏忽的, 无力的, 呆滞的, 软弱的, 漏水的, ad. 马虎地, 缓慢地, vt. 放松, 使缓慢
- 牛津高阶:/slæk/ [adj.]
- slack adj. 松弛的;懈怠的;萧条的
- slack n. 松弛部分;闲置;懈怠
- slack v. 放松;懈怠
- 英文替换:loose, not strict, not busy
- 常见搭配:
- slack demand 疲软的需求
- slack off 懈怠;偷懒
- take up the slack 接手空缺;补上不足
slam
- slam(Collins: [V-ERG] If you slam a door or window or if it slams, it shuts noisily and with great force.)
- 朗道:*[sləm] n. 砰然声, 猛然, 猛烈的抨击 相关: vt. 猛然关上, 砰地关上, 猛烈抨击, vi. 砰地关上, 猛攻, slam off
- 牛津高阶:/slæm/ [noun] an act of slamming sth; the noise of sth being slammed 猛关(或推、摔、撞等);猛摔(或撞等)的声音 :
- slam v. 砰地关上;猛烈抨击;猛推 n. 猛关;砰的一声
- 英文替换:bang, shut forcefully, criticize harshly
- 常见搭配:
- slam the door 砰地关门
- slam on the brakes 猛踩刹车
- slam a proposal 猛烈抨击某提案
soar / soak
- soar(Collins: [VB] If the amount, value, level, or volume of something soars, it quickly increases by a great deal. (JOURNALISM))
- 朗道:*[sɒ:] n. 高扬, 翱翔 相关: vi. 往上飞舞, 高耸, 翱翔
- 牛津高阶:/sɔ:(r)/ [verb]
- soak(Collins: [VB] If you soak something or leave it to soak, you put it into a liquid and leave it there.)
- 朗道:*[sәuk] n. 浸, 湿透, 大雨 相关: vt. 使上下湿透, 浸, 吸入, 吸收, 浸洗掉, vi. 浸泡, 渗透, in soak
- 牛津高阶:/səʊk; NAmE soʊk/ [noun]
- soar v. 猛涨;激增;高飞;翱翔
- soak v. 浸泡;渗透;使湿透 n. 浸泡
- 区别:
- soar:数值、价格、水平快速大幅上升。
- soak:物理浸泡,或吸收水分;也常指淋得湿透。
- 搭配:
- Prices / temperatures soar 价格 / 气温飙升
- soak in / soak up 浸透;吸收
sophisticated / complex / complicated
- sophisticated(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] A sophisticated machine, device, or method is more advanced or complex than others. = *advanced≠unsophisticated)
- 朗道:*[sә’fistikeitid] a. 复杂的, 久经世故的
- 牛津高阶:/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ [adj.]
- complex(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] Something that is complex has many different parts, and is therefore often difficult to understand. = *complicated≠simple)
- 朗道:*[kәm’pleks] n. 综合体, 情结, 络合物 相关: a. 复杂的, 组合的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈkɒmpleks; NAmE kəmˈpleks; ˈkɑ:m-/
- complicated(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If you say that something is complicated, you mean it has so many parts or aspects that it is difficult to understand or deal with. = *complex≠uncomplicated, simple)
- 朗道:*[‘kɒmplikeitid] a. 复杂的 相关: be complicated by, get complicated in
- 牛津高阶:[adj.] made of many different things or parts that are connected; difficult to understand 复杂的;难懂的
- sophisticated adj. 复杂精密的;老练的;高水平的
- complex adj. 复杂的;由多部分组成的 n. 综合体
- complicated adj. 复杂的;难以理解的;麻烦的
- 区别:
- sophisticated:常带正面或技术意味,指“精密 / 高级 / 内行”。
- complex:中性,指结构、关系复杂。
- complicated:偏负面,指难以理解、难以处理。
- 英文替换:
- sophisticated ≈ advanced, refined, complex in a refined way
- complex ≈ made of many parts
- complicated ≈ difficult, hard to understand / deal with
sovereign
- sovereign(Collins: [ADJ: usu ADJ n] A sovereign state or country is independent and not under the authority of any other country. = *autonomous)
- 朗道:*[‘sɒvrin] n. 元首, 独立国 相关: a. 具有主权的, 至高无上的, 国王的, 完全的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈsɒvrɪn; NAmE ˈsɑ:vrən/ [adj.]
- sovereign n. 君主,元首 adj. 有主权的;至高的;完全的
- 搭配:
- sovereign state 主权国家
- sovereign power 主权权力
- become sovereign 成为主权国家
- 相关:
- sovereignty n. 主权,统治权
- reign v. 统治 n. 统治时期(形近)
- 易混点:sovereign(主权/君主)vs reign(统治),形近但 sovereign 常作名词/形容词,reign 常作动词/名词。
sow / sew
- sow
- 朗道:*[sau, sәu] n. 母猪, 懒胖女人 相关: vt. 播种, 散布, 使密布, vi. 播种, as drunk as a sow
- 牛津高阶:/səʊ; NAmE soʊ/ [verb]
- sew(Collins: [VB] When you sew something such as clothes, you make them or repair them by joining pieces of cloth together by passing thread through them with a needle.)
- 朗道:*[sәu] vt. 缝纫, 缝合, 缝 相关: vi. 缝纫, sew sth up, sew sb up
- 牛津高阶:[verb]
- sow v. 播种;散布(思想等)(过去式 sowed,过分 sown/sowed)
- sew v. 缝,缝补(过去式 sewed,过分 sewn/sewed)
- 搭配:
- sow seeds 播种
- sow discord 挑拨离间
- you reap what you sow 种瓜得瓜
- sew a button 缝扣子
- sew up 缝合;非正式:安排妥当
- 易混点:发音可同 /səʊ/,拼写不同:sow=种,sew=缝。另:sew ≠ sow ≠ saw(锯/看见过去式)
spin / whirl
- spin(Collins: [V-ERG] If something spins or if you spin it, it turns quickly around a central point.)
- 朗道:*[spin] n. 旋转, 自旋, 疾驰, 情绪低落 相关: vt. 纺织, 纺, 使旋转, 编造, vi. 纺纱, 吐丝, 作茧, 结网, 旋转, 自旋, 疾驰, spin in
- 牛津高阶:[noun] ▶FAST TURNING MOVEMENT 高速旋转
- whirl(Collins: [V-ERG] If something or someone whirls around or if you whirl them around, they move around or turn around very quickly. = *spin)
- 朗道:*[hwә:l] n. 回旋, 旋转, 急走, 眩晕 相关: vt. 使旋转, 使回旋, 卷走, vi. 回旋, 旋转, 急走, 发晕
- 牛津高阶:/wɜ:l; NAmE wɜ:rl/ [noun]
- spin v. 快速旋转;纺纱;杜撰 n. 旋转;兜风
- whirl v. 旋转;回旋;眩晕 n. 旋转;混乱尝试
- 区别:
- spin:较中性,可指物理旋转、纺纱、或快速转动。
- whirl:更强调快速、持续、甚至让人头晕的旋转。
- 搭配:
- spin around 快速转过身
- my head is spinning 我头晕
- give it a whirl 试一试
spoil / boil
- spoil(Collins: [V-ERG] American English uses the form spoiled as the past tense.)
- 朗道:*[spɒil] v. 损坏, 破坏, 溺爱;n. 战利品, 赃物
- 牛津高阶:[verb] (spoiled, spoiled / spoilt, spoilt) to change sth good into sth bad
- boil(Collins: [V-ERG] When a hot liquid boils or when you boil it, it reaches a temperature where it starts to bubble and produce steam.)
- 朗道:*[bɒil] v. 煮沸, 沸腾;n. 疖
- 牛津高阶:[verb] when a liquid boils, it reaches 100°C
- spoil v. 破坏;溺爱;变质;n. [pl.] 战利品;赃物
- boil v. 煮沸;沸腾;激动;n. 沸点;疖
- 易混点:
- spoil:核心是“变坏 / 破坏”(食物变质、计划泡汤、溺爱孩子)。
- boil:核心是“沸腾 / 烧开”。
- 搭配:
- spoil the fun 扫兴
- be spoilt for choice 选择太多难以抉择
- boil down to sth 归结为某事
- boil over 沸溢;发怒
sprinkle ✦易错拼写:sprikle
- sprinkle(Collins: [VB] If you sprinkle a thing with something such as a liquid or powder, you scatter the liquid or powder over it.)
- 朗道:*[‘spriŋkl] vt. 洒, 散置, 撒, 点缀 相关: vi. 洒, 撒, 下小雨, n. 洒, 撒, 散置, 小雨, 少量
- 牛津高阶:/ˈsprɪŋkl/ [noun]
- sprinkle v. 撒;洒;点缀 n. 少量;小雨
- 英文替换:scatter, spray, dust
- 搭配:
- sprinkle salt / sugar on 撒盐/糖在……上
- sprinkle water on 往……上洒水
- a sprinkle of rain 零星小雨
- 易错拼写:sprinkle(不是 sprikle),中间有 n
spur
- spur(Collins: [VB] If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you or makes you want to do it.)
- 朗道:*[spə:] n. 马刺, 刺激物, 鼓舞;v. 刺激, 激励
- 牛津高阶:[verb] to encourage sb to do sth or to make them want to do it more
- spur v. 激励;鞭策;促进;n. 马刺;刺激;激励
- 英文替换:motivation, urge
- 常见搭配:
- on the spur of the moment 一时兴起;心血来潮
- spur sb on 激励 / 鞭策某人
- spur economic growth 促进经济增长
- 易混点:作名词时不仅有“马刺”的字面义,更常用作抽象“刺激 / 激励”。
stance / substance
- stance(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu sing, with supp] Your stance on a particular matter is your attitude to it. = *position)
- 朗道:*[stəns] n. 准备击球姿势, 站立的姿势, 位置, 姿态
- 牛津高阶:/stæns; BrE also stɑ:ns/ [noun]
- substance(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu with supp] A substance is a solid, powder, liquid, or gas with particular properties.)
- 朗道:*[‘sʌbstәns] n. 物质, 实质, 主旨, 资产, 本质, 牢固 相关: in substance
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- stance n. 立场,态度;站姿
- substance n. 物质;实质;主旨;根据
- 搭配:
- take a stance on 对……表明立场
- official stance 官方立场
- chemical substance 化学物质
- in substance 实质上
- lack substance 缺乏实质内容
- 相关:
- stand v./n. 站立;立场
- substantial adj. 大量的;实质的
- substantive adj. 实质性的
- 区别:
- stance:你“站在哪一边/怎么看”
- substance:事情“有没有干货/本质是什么”
- 易混点:拼写接近但义远;stance 短,substance 长
startle / stare
- startle(Collins: [VB] If something sudden and unexpected startles you, it surprises and frightens you slightly. = *alarm)
- 朗道:*[‘stɑ:tl] n. 惊愕, 惊恐 相关: vt. 吃惊, 使惊愕, vi. 惊起
- 牛津高阶:/ˈstɑ:tl; NAmE ˈstɑ:rtl/ [verb] to surprise sb suddenly in a way that slightly shocks or frightens them 使惊吓;使吓一跳;使大吃一惊 :
- stare(Collins: [VB] If you stare at someone or something, you look at them for a long time.)
- 朗道:*[stєә] vi. 注视, 凝视, 瞪视, 显眼 相关: vt. 盯, n. 凝视, stare sb out
- 牛津高阶:/sth)**to look at sb/ [noun] an act of looking at sb/sth for a long time, especially in a way that is unfriendly or that shows surprise (尤指不友好或吃惊的)盯,凝视,注视 :
- startle v. 使吓一跳,使大吃一惊
- stare v./n. 凝视,盯着看
- 搭配:
- be startled by 被……吓到
- startle sb into doing 吓得某人去做……
- stare at 盯着……看
- stare into space 呆呆望着前方
- give sb a blank stare 面无表情地盯着某人
- 相关:
- startling adj. 惊人的
- staring adj. 凝视的
- 易混点:startle = 惊吓;stare = 盯看。音形皆近,勿混
statistics
- statistics
- 朗道:*[stә’tistiks] n. 统计学, 统计资料
- statistics n. 统计学(作学科,单数谓语);统计数据(复数义)
- 搭配:
- official statistics 官方统计数据
- statistics show that … 数据显示……
- Statistics is a useful tool. 统计学是有用工具。
- 相关:
- statistic n. 统计量;一项数据
- statistical adj. 统计的
- statistician n. 统计员,统计学家
- 易混点:作“学科”时 statistics is;作“数据”时 statistics are/show
status / statue / statute
- status(Collins: [N-UNCOUNT: usu with supp] Your status is your social or professional position.)
- 朗道:*[‘steitәs] n. 状态, 情形, 地位, 要人身份
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- statue(Collins: [N-COUNT] A statue is a large sculpture of a person or an animal, made of stone or metal.)
- 朗道:*[‘stətju] vt. 以雕像装饰 相关: n. 雕像
- 牛津高阶:[noun] a figure of a person or an animal in stone, metal, etc., usually the same size as in real life or larger 雕塑,雕像,塑像(大小通常等于或大于真人或实物)
- statute(Collins: [N-VAR] A statute is a rule or law which has been made by a government or other organization and formally written down.)
- 朗道:*[‘stətju:t] n. 法令, 成文法律, 法规, 章程, 条例
- 牛津高阶:/ˈstætʃu:t/ [noun]
- status n. 地位;身份;状态
- statue n. 雕像,塑像
- statute n. 成文法,法令;章程
- 搭配:
- social/economic status 社会/经济地位
- marital status 婚姻状况
- status quo 现状
- a statue of … ……的雕像
- by statute 依法
- statute law 成文法
- 相关:
- stature n. 身材;名望(第四个易混词)
- statutory adj. 法定的
- 区别:
| 词 | 核心含义 | 记忆 |
|---|
| status | 地位/状态 | us 我们的身份 |
| statue | 雕像 | 像 ue |
| statute | 法令 | 法律条文 |
| stature | 身高/境界 | 身高 |
- 易混点:四词形近;考研/四六级高频混用 status 与 statue
steer
- steer(Collins: [VB] When you steer a car, boat, or plane, you control it so that it goes in the direction that you want.)
- 朗道:*[stiә] vt. 引导, 驾驶, 航行, 控制 相关: vi. 驾驶, 掌舵, 行驶, n. 驾驶指示, 劝告, steer clear of
- 牛津高阶:[noun] a Bull (=a male cow) that has been castrated (=had part of its sex organs removed), kept for its meat 阉公牛;肉用公牛
- steer v. 驾驶,掌舵;引导 n. 阉公牛(少考)
- 搭配:
- steer a car/ship 开车/掌舵
- steer clear of 避开……
- steer the conversation 引导谈话方向
- steer sb towards 引导某人走向……
- 相关:
- steering wheel 方向盘
- steering n. 转向装置
- 易混点:steer(引导方向)vs stern(严厉/船尾)——船:steer 掌舵,stern 是船尾
stern
- stern(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] →sternly [ADV-GRADED: ADV with v, ADV adj])
- 朗道:*[stә:n] n. 尾部, 船尾, 臀 相关: a. 严厉的, 严格的, 坚定的, 坚决的, be stern to sb
- 牛津高阶:/stɜ:n; NAmE stɜ:rn/ [adj.]
- stern adj. 严厉的,严格的;严峻的 n. 船尾
- 搭配:
- stern warning 严厉警告
- stern look/face 严厉的神色/面孔
- from stem to stern 从船头到船尾;彻底地
- 相关:
- strict adj. 严格的(规则层面)
- severe adj. 严重的;严厉的
- 易混点:stern(严厉/船尾)≠ stearn 非词;与 steer(掌舵)形近
strain / stain
- strain(Collins: [N-VAR: oft under N, N on n] If strain is put on an organization or system, it has to do more than it is able to do. = *pressure)
- 朗道:*[strein] n. 紧张, 拉紧, 张力, 过劳, 扭伤, 血缘, 种, 族, 气质, 曲调, 旋律, 口吻 相关: vt. 使劳累, 拉紧, 过分使用, 扭伤, 滥用, 曲解, 滤, vi. 尽力, 努力, 紧拉, 弯曲, 被滤出, strain after
- 牛津高阶:[noun] ▶WORRY/ANXIETY 担忧;焦虑
- stain(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft supp N] A stain is a mark on something that is difficult to remove.)
- 朗道:*[stein] n. 污染, 污点, 着色剂 相关: vt. 沾染, 染污, 着色, vi. 变脏
- 牛津高阶:/steɪn/ [noun]
- strain n. 压力;紧张;拉力;(身体)劳损 v. 拉紧;使紧张;尽力;过滤
- stain n. 污渍;污点;着色剂 v. 弄脏;玷污;染色
- 易混点:
- strain:核心是“压力 / 拉紧 / 劳损”,抽象和物理都用。
- stain:核心是“污渍 / 弄脏”,物理或名誉上的“污点”。
- 搭配:
- under strain 在压力之下
- strain a muscle 拉伤肌肉
- blood stain 血渍
- stain one’s reputation 玷污名誉
- 易错拼写:strain(不是 stran),stain(不是 stan)
stress
- stress n. [U, C] 压力;心理负担;紧张(牛津高阶:pressure or worry caused by the problems in sb’s life)
- stress n. [U] 强调;重点(Collins: emphasis)
- stress v. 强调;着重说明(Collins: put extra emphasis on it because you think it is important = emphasize)
- 朗道:stress n. 压力,紧迫,强调,重音,重点,应力;vt. 加压力于,着重,重读
- 牛津高阶:under stress 在压力之下;to suffer from stress 有精神压力
- 相关词组(朗道):place/put stress on 强调
- 相关搭配:
- under stress 在压力下
- stress the importance of 强调……的重要性
- relieve / reduce stress 缓解压力
- mental stress 精神压力
strike / stride / strive
- strike(Collins: [N-COUNT: also on N] When there is a strike, workers stop doing their work for a period of time, usually in order to try to get better pay or conditions for themselves.)
- 朗道:*[straik] n. 罢工, 打击, 殴打 相关: vt. 打, 撞击, 冲击, 侵袭, 取消, 结算, 打掉, 罢工, 刺透, 使生根, 遇见, vi. 打, 打击, 抓, 罢工, 搏动, 触礁, 敲, 响, 穿透, 打动, strike home
- 牛津高阶:[noun] ▶OF WORKERS 工人
- stride(Collins: [VB] If you stride somewhere, you walk there with quick, long steps.)
- 朗道:*[straid] n. 大步, 步幅, 步态, 进步 相关: vt. 迈大步走, 跨过, 跨, vi. 迈大步走, 跨过, 跨, hit one’s stride
- 牛津高阶:/straɪd/ [noun]
- strive(Collins: [VB] If you strive to do something or strive for something, you make a great effort to do it or get it. = *labour, struggle)
- 朗道:*[straiv] vi. 努力, 奋斗, 斗争 相关: strive for, strive against
- 牛津高阶:/straɪv/ [verb] (strove/strəʊv; NAmE stroʊv/,striven/ˈstrɪvn/ or less frequentstrived, strived) ~ (for/against sth)(formal) to try very hard to achieve sth 努力;奋斗;力争;力求 :
- strike v. 打击,撞击;罢工;突然想到 n. 罢工;打击
- stride v. 大步走 n. 大步;进步
- strive v. 努力,奋斗
- 区别:
- strike:打击 / 罢工
- stride:大步走 / 进步
- strive:努力 / 奋斗
- 搭配:
- strike sb 打击某人
- go on strike 罢工
- strike a balance 取得平衡
- stride forward 大步前进
- make great strides 取得大进展
- strive for sth 为……奋斗
- strive to do 努力做
- 相关:
- 过去式:struck / strode / strove(三者过去式也易混)
- 过去分词:struck / stridden / striven
- 易混点:三词均以 str- 开头,形近但义完全不同;过去式 struck/strode/strove 尤其易混。
subordinate
- subordinate(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft poss N] If someone is your subordinate, they have a less important position than you in the organization that you both work for. ≠ *superior)
- 朗道:*[sә’bɒ:dnit] n. 属下, 附属物 相关: a. 下级的, 次要的, 附属的, vt. 使居下位, 使服从, be subordinate to
- 牛津高阶:/səˈbɔ:dɪnət; NAmE -ˈbɔ:rd-/
- subordinate adj. 从属的;下级的;次要的 n. 下属 v. 使从属于
- 搭配:
- subordinate to 从属于……,次要于……
- subordinate clause 从句
- subordinate staff 下属员工
- subordinate one’s interests to 使个人利益服从于……
- 相关:
subsequent / consequent
- subsequent(Collins: [ADJ: ADJ n] You use subsequent to describe something that happened or existed after the time or event that has just been referred to. (FORMAL) ≠ *prior)
- 朗道:*[‘sʌbsikwәnt] a. 后来的, 接下去的 相关: be subsequent to
- 牛津高阶:/ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ [adj.] (formal) happening or coming after sth else 随后;后来;之后;接后
- consequent(Collins: [ADJ: usu ADJ n, also n ADJ upon/on n] --- = *consequential)
- 朗道:*[‘kɒnsikwәnt] n. 随后发生的事情, 结果 相关: a. 作为结果的, 合乎逻辑的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈkɒnsɪkwənt/ [adj.]
- subsequent adj. 随后的,后来的
- consequent adj. 随之发生的,作为结果的(强调因果关系)
- 搭配:
- subsequent to 在……之后(= after)
- subsequent events 随后发生的事件
- consequent on/upon 因……而引起的
- consequent damage 由此造成的损害
- 相关:
- subsequently adv. 随后,其后
- consequence n. 后果,结果;重要性
- consequently adv. 因此,所以
- consequential adj. 重要的,随之而来的
- inconsequential adj. 不重要的,微不足道的
- 区别:
- subsequent:仅表示时间上的“之后”(时间关系)
- consequent:强调因果关系,“因此而发生的”
- subsequent events = 之后的事件(不一定有因果)
- consequent events = 作为结果的事件(有因果)
substantial / substance
- substantial(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n] A substantial building is large and strongly built. (FORMAL) = *significant≠insubstantial)
- 朗道:*[sәb’stənʃәl] n. 重要材料(或事物), 有实际价值的东西 相关: a. 实质上的, 物质的, 有内容的, 结实的
- 牛津高阶:[adj.]
- substance(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu with supp] A substance is a solid, powder, liquid, or gas with particular properties.)
- 朗道:*[‘sʌbstәns] n. 物质, 实质, 主旨, 资产, 本质, 牢固 相关: in substance
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- substance n. 物质;实质;主旨;根据
- substantial adj. 大量的,可观的;坚固的;实质的
- 搭配:
- chemical substance 化学物质
- in substance 实质上,本质上
- substantial amount/number of 大量的
- substantial evidence 充分的证据
- substantial improvement 显著改善
- 相关:
- substantiate v. 证实,证明
- substantive adj. 实质性的,本质的
- substantially adv. 大体上;相当大地
- 易混点:substantial ≠ substantive — substantial 侧重“量大/坚固”,substantive 侧重“实质性的内容”
substitute / subtle
- substitute(Collins: [V-ERG] If you substitute one thing for another, or if one thing substitutes for another, it takes the place or performs the function of the other thing.)
- 朗道:*[‘sʌbstitju:t] n. 代理, 代理人, 代用品, 代替者, 代替物 相关: vt. 代替, vi. 替代, 取代, 代用, a. 代替的, 代用的, 代用品的
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- subtle(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] Something that is subtle is not immediately obvious or noticeable. ≠ *blatant, obvious)
- 朗道:*[‘sʌtl] a. 敏锐的, 精细的, 狡猾的, 稀薄的, 灵巧的, 微妙的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈsʌtl/ [adj.]
- substitute n. 替代品,替代者 v. 替换,代替
- subtle adj. 微妙的;精巧的;敏锐的;隐晦的
- 搭配:
- substitute for ……的替代品/替代者
- substitute A for B 用A替代B
- subtle difference/distinction 微妙的差别
- subtle hint 巧妙的暗示
- subtle change 细微的变化
- 相关:
- substitution n. 替代,替换
- subtly adv. 微妙地,巧妙地
- subtlety n. 微妙,精巧;细微之处
- 易混点:两者拼写相似但含义完全不同。substitute → 替换(sub- 下 + stitute 站,站在下面→替代);subtle → 微妙(注意 b 不发音)
successor / predecessor
- successor(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft poss N, N to n] Someone’s successor is the person who takes their job after they have left.)
- 朗道:*[sәk’sesә] n. 继承者, 接任者
- 牛津高阶:/səkˈsesə(r)/ [noun]
- predecessor(Collins: [N-COUNT: usu poss N] Your predecessor is the person who had your job before you. = *forerunner)
- 朗道:*[,predi’sesә] n. 前任, 先辈, 前身
- 牛津高阶:/ˈpri:dɪsesə(r); NAmE ˈpredəs-/ [noun]
- successor n. 继任者,接班人;后继物
- predecessor n. 前任;前身;前辈
- 搭配:
- successor to the throne 王位继承人
- immediate successor 直接继任者
- my predecessor 我的前任
- predecessor of the modern computer 现代计算机的前身
- 相关:
- succeed v. 继任;成功(succeed sb as … 接替某人任……)
- succession n. 连续;继任
- precede v. 在……之前
- 区别:
- successor:后来的人/物(suc- 在后)
- predecessor:先前的人/物(pre- 在前)
- 易混点:谁先谁后:pre = 前 → predecessor;suc = 后 → successor
suffer torture of
- suffer torture of(torture Collins: If someone is tortured, another person deliberately causes them great pain over a period of time.)
- 朗道:*[‘tɔ:tʃə] vt.; n. 拷问, 苦闷, 折磨
- 牛津高阶:the act of causing sb severe pain in order to punish them or make them say sth 拷打;酷刑;折磨
- suffer torture of 遭受……的折磨
- 搭配:
- suffer the torture of doubt 遭受怀疑的折磨
- the torture of waiting 等待的煎熬
- 易混点:torture 可作名词(酷刑)也可作动词(折磨),名词前常用 suffer/endure。
sway
- sway(Collins: [VB] When people or things sway, they lean or swing slowly from one side to the other.)
- 朗道:*[swei] n. 摇摆, 影响力, 支配 相关: vt. 摇动, 支配, 弄歪, 使倾斜, 使动摇, 影响, vi. 摇动, 摇摆, 倾斜, 动摇, 统治, 转向, hold sway
- 牛津高阶:/sweɪ/ [noun]
- sway v. 摇摆;影响;动摇 n. 摇摆;影响力
- 搭配:
- sway back and forth 前后摇摆
- sway sb’s opinion 影响某人的观点
- hold sway over 对……有影响力
- 易混点:sway ≠ swing(swing 强调来回摆动,sway 强调左右摇晃)
torrent
- torrent(Collins: [N-COUNT: oft N of n] A torrent is a lot of water falling or flowing rapidly or violently. = *flood)
- 朗道:*[‘tɒ:rәnt] n. 奔流, 倾盆大雨, 倾注, 迸发 相关: stem the torrent of
- 牛津高阶:/ˈtɒrənt; NAmE ˈtɔ:r-; ˈtɑ:r-/ [noun]
- torrent n. 激流;洪流;迸发
- 搭配:
- a torrent of abuse / questions 连珠炮般的辱骂/问题
- mountain torrent 山洪
- 相关:
toss / cast / fling
- toss(Collins: [VB] If you toss something somewhere, you throw it there lightly, often in a rather careless way.)
- 朗道:*[tɒs] n. 投掷, 抛, 摇摆, 震荡, 掷钱币决定 相关: vt. 投掷, 猛抬, 摇荡, 使不安, 掷钱币决定, vi. 被到处扔, 摇摆, 颠簸, 辗转, 掷钱币决定某事, toss sth aside
- 牛津高阶:/tɒs; NAmE tɔ:s/ [noun] ▶OF COIN 硬币
- cast(Collins: [N-COUNT-COLL] The cast of a play or film is all the people who act in it.)
- 朗道:*[kɑ:st, kəst] n. 演员阵容, 投掷, 铸件, 预测, 特性 相关: vt. 投, 掷, 抛, 脱落, 铸, 使弯曲, 计算, vi. 投, 计算, 浇铸成型, cast one’s lot with
- 牛津高阶:/pl. v.] all the people who act in a play or film/ [noun] ▶ACTORS 演员
- fling(Collins: [VB] If you fling something somewhere, you throw it there using a lot of force.)
- 朗道:*[fliŋ] n. 投掷, 急冲, 嘲弄 相关: vt. 投, 丢下, 抛弃, 使陷入, 挥动, 嘲笑, 扫视, vi. 猛冲, at one fling
- 牛津高阶:/flɪŋ/ [noun]
- toss v. 轻抛;扔;摇动 n. 抛掷
- cast v. 投;掷;投射;选派角色 n. 演员阵容
- fling v. 猛扔;猛冲;投入 n. 短暂尝试 / 放纵
- 区别:
- toss:随手、轻轻地抛。
- cast:较正式,可指投票、投影、撒网、选角。
- fling:用力、突然、带情绪地扔。
- 搭配:cast a vote 投票;cast a shadow 投下影子;fling the door open 猛地推开门
transplant from to
- transplant from to(transplant Collins: A transplant is a medical operation in which a part of a person’s body is replaced and the organ is taken from another person.)
- 朗道:*[træns’plɑ:nt] vt.; n.; vi. 使移居, 移植, 使迁移;移植;移居, 耐移植
- 牛津高阶:to move an organ from one person’s body to another 移植(器官)
- transplant from to 从……移植到……(器官/植物/人)
- 搭配:
- a heart transplant 心脏移植
- transplant crops from the field to the greenhouse 把庄稼从大田移植到温室
- 易混点:与 transfer(转移)、transmit(传输)形近,后者侧重「地点移动/传递」而非「器官移植」。
treaty
- treaty(Collins: [N-COUNT] A treaty is a written agreement between countries in which they agree to do a particular thing or to help each other.)
- 朗道:*[‘tri:ti] n. 条约, 谈判 相关: be in treaty with sb for sth, enter into a treaty with
- 牛津高阶:/ˈtri:ti/ [noun] (pl.-ies) a formal agreement between two or more countries (国家之间的)条约,协定 :
- treaty n. 条约;协定
- 英文替换:formal agreement between countries
- 近义:agreement, pact, accord
- 常见搭配:peace treaty 和平条约;sign / ratify a treaty 签署 / 批准条约
trend / tendency
- trend(Collins: [N-COUNT] A trend is a change or development towards something new or different. = *tendency)
- 朗道:*[trend] n. 趋势, 倾向, 走向 相关: vi. 倾向, 转向, set the trend
- 牛津高阶:[noun]
- tendency(Collins: [N-COUNT: with supp] A tendency is a worrying or unpleasant habit or action that keeps occurring.)
- 朗道:*[‘tendәnsi] n. 趋向, 倾向
- 牛津高阶:/sth) (to do sth)****| ~ (to/ [noun]
- trend n. 趋势,动向;时尚
- tendency n. 倾向;偏好;趋势(常指内在习惯性倾向)
- 搭配:
- upward/downward trend 上升/下降趋势
- follow the trend 追随潮流
- set a trend 开风气之先
- have a tendency to do 有做……的倾向
- growing tendency 日益增强的倾向
- 相关:
- trendy adj. 时髦的
- tend v. 倾向于;照料
- 区别:
- trend:宏观走向、社会/数据潮流(可统计、可画图)
- tendency:个体或事物的内在倾向(更抽象、习惯性)
- 易混点:market trend(市场趋势)更自然;personal tendency to procrastinate(拖延倾向)更自然
triumph
- triumph(Collins: [N-VAR] A triumph is a great success or achievement, often one that has been gained with a lot of skill or effort.)
- 朗道:*[‘traiәmf] n. 凯旋, 胜利, 欢欣 相关: vi. 得胜, 成功
- 牛津高阶:/ˈtraɪʌmf/ [noun]
- triumph n. 胜利;成功;喜悦 v. 获胜;成功
- 搭配:
- a triumph over 战胜……的胜利
- triumph over adversity 战胜逆境
- in triumph 胜利地;得意地
- 相关:
- triumphant adj. 胜利的;得意洋洋的
trivial
- trivial(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If you describe something as trivial, you think that it is unimportant and not serious.)
- 朗道:*[‘tiviəl] a. 琐碎的, 不重要的, 轻微的, 平常的
- 牛津高阶:not important or serious; not worth considering 不重要的;琐碎的;微不足道的
- trivial adj. 琐碎的;不重要的;微不足道的
- 近义:unimportant, insignificant
- 反义:important, significant, crucial
- 搭配:trivial matters 琐事;trivial details 细枝末节
tumble
- tumble(Collins: [VB] If someone or something tumbles somewhere, they fall with a rolling movement.)
- 朗道:*[tʌmbl] vt.; n.; vi. 跌倒, 摔跤, 翻斤斗;翻倒, 摔倒, 倒塌, 滚动;【经】下挫
- 牛津高阶:[C, usually sing.] a sudden fall 跌倒;滚落;暴跌
- tumble v. 跌倒;滚落;暴跌;n. 跌落;暴跌
- 搭配:
- tumble down the stairs 从楼梯上滚落
- prices tumble 价格暴跌
- a rough and tumble 混乱/打闹
turbulent
- turbulent(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n] A turbulent time, place, or relationship is one in which there is a lot of change, confusion, and disorder.)
- 朗道:*[‘tə:bjulənt] a. 狂暴的, 骚乱的, 紊乱的
- 牛津高阶:in which there is a lot of sudden change, confusion, disorder 动荡的;混乱的;狂暴的
- turbulent adj. 动荡的;混乱的;狂暴的
- 易混点:与 turmoil(n. 混乱)、turbine(n. 涡轮机)形近,注意区分。
- 搭配:turbulent times 动荡时期;turbulent waters 汹涌的水域
turnover / takeover
- turnover(Collins: [N-VAR: usu with supp, supp N, N of n] The turnover of a company is the value of the goods or services sold during a particular period of time.)
- 朗道:*[‘tə:n,əuvə] n. 营业额, 流通, 周转;【经】营业额, 周转额, 周转率
- 牛津高阶:the total amount of goods or services sold 营业额;周转
- takeover(Collins: [N-COUNT] A takeover is the act of gaining control of a company by buying more of its shares than anyone else.)■ SYN coup
- 朗道:*[teik’əuvə] n. 接管, 接收;【经】接收
- 牛津高阶:an act of taking control of a company 收购;接管
- turnover n. 营业额;周转(率);人员流动
- takeover n. 收购;接管(公司控制权)
- 区别:
- turnover:指公司的营业额或周转/人员流动率。
- takeover:指通过买进股份接管/收购公司控制权。
- 搭配:
- annual turnover 年营业额
- staff turnover 员工流动率
- a hostile takeover 恶意收购
twinkle
- twinkle(Collins: If a star or a light twinkles, it shines with an unsteady light which rapidly changes from bright to faint.)
- 朗道:*[‘twiŋkl] n.; vi.; vt. 闪烁, 闪耀, 瞬息;使闪耀
- 牛津高阶:(of eyes) an expression showing you are happy or amused 眼中闪出的光芒;v. 闪烁
- twinkle v. 闪烁;闪耀;n. 闪烁;(眼中的)光芒
- 搭配:
- twinkling stars 眨眼的星星
- a twinkle in one’s eye 眼中闪烁的光芒;一闪而过的念头
- in the twinkling of an eye 一眨眼的工夫
vanish / perish
- vanish(Collins: [VB] If someone or something vanishes, they disappear suddenly or in a way that cannot be explained. = *disappear)
- 朗道:*[‘vəniʃ] vi. 消失, 不见, 成为零 相关: vanish into the void
- 牛津高阶:/ˈvænɪʃ/ [verb]
- perish(Collins: [VB] If people or animals perish, they die as a result of very harsh conditions or as the result of an accident. (WRITTEN) = *die)
- 朗道:*[‘periʃ] vi. 毁灭, 丧生, 凋谢, 颓丧, 死亡, 腐烂 相关: vt. 毁坏, 使麻木, 使丧生, 耗尽
- 牛津高阶:/ˈperɪʃ/ [verb]
- vanish v. 消失;突然不见
- perish v. 死亡;毁灭;腐烂;老化
- 区别:
- vanish:侧重“消失不见”,不一定死亡。
- perish:更重,常指死亡、毁灭、损坏;也可用于书面新闻。
- 相关:
- vanish into thin air 消失得无影无踪
- perish the thought 但愿不会这样(固定表达)
vicious
- vicious(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] A vicious person or a vicious is violent and cruel. = *brutal)
- 朗道:*[‘viʃәs] a. 邪恶的, 堕落的, 品性不端的, 恶毒的, 恶性的, 有错误的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈvɪʃəs/ [adj.]
- vicious adj. 邪恶的;恶毒的;凶猛的;恶性的
- 英文替换:violent, cruel, harmful
- 常见搭配:
- a vicious attack 恶毒 / 凶狠的攻击
- a vicious circle 恶性循环
- 相关:vice n. 恶行;不道德行为;缺点
virgin
- virgin(Collins: [N-COUNT] A virgin is someone, especially a woman or girl, who has never had sex.)
- 朗道:*[‘vә:dʒin] n. 处女 相关: a. 处女的, 贞洁的, 纯洁的, 初始的, 纯的
- 牛津高阶:/ˈvɜ:dʒɪn; NAmE ˈvɜ:rdʒ-/ [adj.]
- virgin n. 处女;新手 adj. 未开发的;原始的;处女的
- 英文替换:untouched, unspoiled, pristine
- 搭配:
- virgin forest / land 原始森林/未开发的土地
- virgin voyage 首航
- the Virgin Mary 圣母玛利亚
- 易混点:作形容词常不是“处女的”,而是“原始的 / 未使用过的”。
vulgar
- vulgar(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] If you describe something as vulgar, you think it is in bad taste or of poor quality.)■ SYN coarse, in bad taste
- 朗道:*[‘vʌlgə] a. 粗俗的, 庸俗的, 普通的, 通俗的
- 牛津高阶:not having or showing good taste; not polite, elegant 粗俗的;庸俗的
- vulgar adj. 粗俗的;庸俗的
- 近义:coarse, crude
- 搭配:vulgar language 粗话;a vulgar joke 低俗的笑话
- 易混点:注意与常见“普通/通俗”义区分,多含贬义“低俗”。
vulnerable
- vulnerable(Collins: [ADJ-GRADED] Someone who is vulnerable is weak and without protection, with the result that they are easily hurt physically or emotionally.)
- 朗道:*[‘vʌlnərəbl] a. 易受伤害的, 有弱点的, 易受影响的, 脆弱的
- 牛津高阶:~ (to sb/sth) weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally 脆弱的;易受伤害的
- vulnerable adj. 脆弱的;易受伤害的;易受攻击的
- 派生:vulnerability n. 脆弱性;易受攻击
- 反义:invulnerable 无懈可击的
- 搭配:be vulnerable to attack 易受攻击;vulnerable groups 弱势群体
whatsoever
- whatsoever(Collins: [ADV: usu with brd-neg, n ADV] You use whatsoever after a noun group in order to emphasize a negative statement. = *at all)
- whatsoever pron. / adv. 任何;丝毫(用于否定句/疑问句加强语气)
- 英文替换:whatever, at all(加强否定)
- 用法:
- There is no evidence whatsoever. 没有任何证据。
- 与 whatever 用法类似,但语气更强、更正式
- 易混点:whatsoever = whatever(加强版),只用于否定/疑问语境。
wrist / waist / twist
- wrist(Collins: [N-COUNT] Your wrist is the part of your body between your hand and your arm.)
- 朗道:*[rist] n. 手腕, 腕关节
- 牛津高阶:the joint between the hand and the arm 手腕;腕关节
- waist(Collins: [N-COUNT] Your waist is the middle part of your body where it narrows slightly above your hips.)
- 朗道:*[weist] n. 腰部, 腰
- 牛津高阶:the area around the middle of the body 腰;腰部
- twist(Collins: [V-ERG] If you twist something, you turn it to make a spiral shape.)
- 朗道:*[twist] v. 拧, 扭, 捻, 歪曲;n. 扭曲, 曲折
- 牛津高阶:[verb] to turn or bend two ends of sth in opposite directions
- wrist n. 手腕;腕关节
- waist n. 腰;腰部
- twist v. 拧;扭;扭曲;歪曲;n. 扭曲;转弯;意外转折
- 易混点:
- wrist:手腕(关节)。
- waist:腰部(身体部位)。
- twist:动作(拧 / 扭)或结果(扭曲)。
- 搭配:
- wrist watch 手表
- waist line 腰围
- twist one’s ankle 扭伤脚踝
- twist the facts 歪曲事实
write / compose
- write(Collins: [VB] When you write something on a surface, you use something such as a pen or pencil to produce words, letters, or numbers on the surface.)
- 朗道:*[rait] v. 书写, 著述, 写, 写满, 写信给
- 牛津高阶:to make letters or numbers on a surface 书写;写作
- compose(Collins: [VB] The things that something is composed of are its parts or members. The separate things that compose something are the parts or members that…)■ SYN make up
- 朗道:*[kəm’pəuz] vt.; vi. 组成, 写作, 作曲, 使平静;【计】编写
- 牛津高阶:SYN make up;构成;创作
- write v. 书写;写作;写信
- compose v. 构成;写作;作曲;使平静
- 区别:
- write:侧重把字/词写下来(用笔写),也指写信、写作这一动作。
- compose:侧重构成(be composed of)或创作(乐曲、诗歌、文章)。
- 搭配:
- write a letter 写信
- write down 写下
- be composed of 由……组成
- compose music 作曲